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Tsarist Russia > Nicholas > Flashcards

Nicholas Flashcards

1
Q

What was Nicholas II like as a ruler?

A

-He loved military life
-He appointed grand dukes and members of his family to high positions
-He commanded respect and loyalty but lacked the training and experience for leadership
-Was completely wedded to the principle of autocracy

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2
Q

What was Russia like under Nicholas II?

A

-Millions of peasants pouring into the cities to work created tension
-A more educated workforce with higher literacy rates (57.8%in 1897)
-The growth of the middle classes created pressure for political change

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3
Q

What policies did Nicholas II introduce in the years 1894-1904?

A

-As a result of the strikes, working hours were reduced to 11 and a half hours
-The government could only deal with the strikes by police repression, arrests, imprisonment, exile and execution
-A factory police force was established in 1899 and its units were stationed permanently near large industrial works
-The police beat students with whips, arrested their leaders and drafted some into the army

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4
Q

What was the unrest under Nicholas II?

A

-The textile workers in St Petersburg mounted massive strikes (30,000 spinners and weavers in 1896 and 1897)
-The peak of strikes was reached in 1899 and involved nearly 100,000 workers
-The turn of the century saw serious protests involving students

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5
Q

Zubatov trade unions

A
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6
Q

Who was Nicholas’s opposition between 1895-1905?

A

-The liberals
-The Socialist revolutionaries
-The Social democrats( Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks)

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7
Q

What were the main beliefs of the Liberals?

A

Civil rights and freedom of the individual, the rule of law, free elections, parliamentary democracy and the limitations of the Tasrs powers

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8
Q

What were the methods employed by the Liberals

A

Reform rather than violence, Political channels through the Zemstva, articles in the newspapers, meetings and reform banquets

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9
Q

Who supported the liberals?

A

Their main support came from the middle class intelligentsia

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10
Q

What were the main beliefs of the SR’s?

A

Revolution for the peasants

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11
Q

What were the methods employed by the SR’s?

A

Agitation and terrorism, including the assassination of gov officials

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12
Q

Who supported the SR’s?

A

The peasants provided a large support base but the industrial workers formed 50% of the membership

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13
Q

What were the 2 factions of the social democrats?

A

Bolsheviks and Mensheviks

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14
Q

What did the Bolsheviks believe the party should be?

A

-Made up of a small number of highly disciplined professional revolutionaries
-Operate under centralised leadership
-Have a small number of cells so it would be more difficult to infiltrate

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15
Q

What did the Mensheviks believe the party should be?

A

-Take in all who wished to join
-Be more democratic
-Encourage trade unions to help the working class improve their conditions

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16
Q

Who supported the SD’s?

A

Mainly the working class

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17
Q

When was the Russo-Japanese war?

A

1904-05

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18
Q

How did the Russo-Japanese war Challenge autocracy?

A

-Russia underestimated Japan which had a better-trained army and navy and a more effective Intelligence
-Russia suffered several defeats in early 1904 and had to retreat
-In January 1905 Port Arthur fell to the Japanese and in March the Russian army was defeated in Mukden
-The final humiliation was the naval defeat of the Russian Baltic fleet in May
-These disastrous defeats led to Witte being sent off to negotiate the Treaty of Portsmouth

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19
Q

What was the reaction to the war?

A

-The regime looked incompetent
-The government was very unpopular and the assassination of the much-disliked minister of interior, Plehve was met with indifference from the public
-

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20
Q

When was bloody Sunday?

A

Sunday 9th January 1905

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21
Q

What events led up to Bloody Sunday?

A
  • 4 Workers were sacked on the 7the of January
    -As a result, a strike was called involving 100,000 workers(concerning working hours)
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22
Q

How many people were involved in Bloody Sunday?

A

-150,000 men,women and children

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23
Q

What were the events of Bloody Sunday?

A

-150,000 people dressed in their best clothing and set off on the morning of January 9th
-The March was peaceful
-But they were met with cavalry and the troops opened fire

24
Q

How many people were killed and injured on Bloody Sunday?

A

-130 killed
-300 injured

25
Q

What were the consequences of Bloody Sunday?

A

-The bond between the people the people and the Tsar was broken
-By the end of January over 400,000 people were on strike
-On February 4th the Tsar’s uncle was assassinated

26
Q

How did the peasants react after Bloody Sunday?

A

-The mood of the revolt spread to the countryside
-In June and July they began seizing land, grain and animals
-Their general demands were land
-The army was to put down peasant uprising but was mainly composed of peasants

27
Q

How did the Nationalities after Bloody Sunday?

A

-Demanded the end of Russification
-The Poles and the Finns demanded independence
-The Tsar dispatched 10,000 troops to Georgia to keep it under control
-The Russian troops shot down 93 Poles

28
Q

When was the Mutiny of the battleship Potemkin?

A

June 14th 1905

29
Q

What was the When was the Mutiny of the battleship Potemkin?

A

-The crew of the battleship Potemkin rebels over harsh conditions
-They seized control of the ship and sailed to Odessa
-The crowds warmly received the ship
-Troops were ordered to disperse the Crowd and opened fire killing 2,000 citizens
-The Potemkin hoped to stir up mutines on other ships but was unsuccessful

30
Q

When was the October Manifesto?

A

17th October 1905

31
Q

What did the October Manifesto give?

A

-Civil liberties (freedom of speech)
-An elected duma

32
Q

What was the reaction to the October Manifesto?

A

-The liberals believed that it was the first step towards constitutional government
-There was a brief period of peace but it didn’t last long
-The Tsars supporters were angered by the triumph of the liberals and socialists

33
Q

Why was the Tsar able to survive the 1905 revolution?

A

-The army remained loyal, despite several minor mutines
-The quick end of the Japanese war meant the Tsar did not lose the support of the Military
-The government used repressive tactics to bring the population in line
-The different groups opposing the Tsar had different aims and purposes
-The revolutionary parties weren’t ready for the 1905 revolution and didn’t play a huge role in events

34
Q

What did article 87 allow?

A

Gave the Tsar the right to pass his own laws without consulting the Duma at all

35
Q

What was the reaction to the Dumas?

A

-The Duma had little real power and a limited ability to enact laws
-The liberals were dismayed as this was not what was agreed in the October manifesto
-Profoundly weighted towards the upper class (2,000 landowners were represented by one deputy and 90,000 workers represented 1 deputy)

36
Q

When was the first Duma?

A

April 1906

37
Q

What was the result of the first Duma?

A

-The Kadets won the most seats (182 out of 448)
-Hostility directed towards the Tsar and the government
-Kadets annoyed about the limitations imposed by the Tsar (Wanted increased powers of the Duma, wanted guarantees of free speech)
-The tsar was horrified by the hostility and dissolved the Duma

38
Q

What was the aftermath of the first Duma?

A

-200 Kadet deputies went to Finland where they issued the Vyborg Manifesto urging the Russians to not pay their taxes
-Many rebellious deputies were arrested and disbarred from re-election, which hurt them in the elections of the second duma

39
Q

When was the Second Duma?

A

February 1907

40
Q

What were the results of the Second Duma?

A

-Trudoviks were the largest group with 104 deputies, the Kadets had 91
-Was much more radical than the first
-The left made fierce attacks on the government
-The tsar dissolved the duma after only 3 months

41
Q

When was the Third Duma

A

November 1907

42
Q

What were the results of the 3rd Duma?

A

-Peasants and workers were virtually excluded and non-Russian national groups were much reduced
-The vote was restricted to the upper and propertied classes
-The relationship between the Duma and the government was much more cooperative, however, it was not subservient as it was critical of the government policies especially with matters to do with sate finance

43
Q

What were the main achievements of the Third Duma?

A

-Stolypin’s land reforms
-An education law in 1908 which laid the foundation for universal education
-Improvements in the army and navy
-Restoration of the JP’s who replaced the hated land captains
-National health insurance which would pay sickness benefit to workers

44
Q

When was the 4th Duma?

A

15 November 1912

45
Q

What was the results of the 4th Duma?

A

-Was interrupted by the outbreak of the First World War
-Rightists were stronger and the October were weaker
-Critical of the governments handling of increased social unrest
-A progressive Bloc was formed which offered the Tsar a chance to work with the people, but Nicholas would not go with it and the Duma was suspended

46
Q

What did the 4th Duma involve?

A

-Reform of the orthodox church and reduced state control
-Talks to reduce the consumption of vodka because of its impact on public health (No action was taken as the government got so much revenue from it)
-Continued focus on education

47
Q

How far was the constitutional experiment working by 1914?

A
48
Q

Stolypin

A
49
Q

How revolutionary was Russia in 1914

A
50
Q

What was the impact of the First World War?

A

-Russia divisions were temporarily forgotten and Nicholas rode a wave of popular support
-Paintings of the Tsar were carried in processions and the crowds sang the national anthem

51
Q

What was the impact of the First World War at the front?

A

-The Russians had the largest army and gained some early success against the Austoro-Hungarians
-The Russians took heavy losses at the Battle of Tannenberg in August and Masurian Lakes in September
-By the autumn of 1915, they had been forced out of Poland, Lithuania and Latvia
-Between May and December 1915, 1 million Russians were killed
-In the summer of 1916 General Brusilov launched a brilliant offensive which brought the Austrians to their needs with half their army being killed or captured
-Many top officers were appointed due to their loyalty to the Tsar and had no military experience

52
Q

What were the weaknesses of Russia on the home front?

A

-Many top officers were appointed due to their loyalty to the Tsar and had no military experience
-There was a lack of supplies and equipment, especially rifles, ammunition and boots
-The shortage of rifles was so bad on some parts of the front that soldiers had to rely on picking up rifles from the men shot in front of them

53
Q

What were the strengths of Russia on the home front?

A

-By 1916, Russia was matching German shell production and there had been a 1000% growth in the output of artillery and rifles
-They had contributed significantly to the Allied victory by mounting attacks on the Eastern front to relieve pressure on the Western front

54
Q

What was the impact of the First World War at the home front?

A

-The war put a strain on the Russian economy and exposed its structural weaknesses
-The railways were overwhelmed
-The Goods and supplies were not getting to where they were supposed to
-8 million casualties(There was hardly a family that had not been affected by a son killed or captured)
-Food was sent to the front as a priority
-Inflation hit people very hard (The price of food and fuel quadrupled between 1914 and 1916 while wages only doubled)
-Strikes had broken out in 1915 and they had increased in number, frequency and militance during 1916)

55
Q

What were the Tsars actions towards WW1?

A

In August 1915 the Tsar took direct control of the army
-He now was personally responsible for the conduction of the war
-He was away from the Petrograd for long periods leaving the tsarina and Rasputin in control

Nicholas’s Absence created chronic instability in the government
-There were constant changes of ministers due to the Tsarina who dismissed competent people such as The War minister Polivanov who was regarded by the Tsarina as a traitor and a “Revolutionist”

The Tsarina and Rasputin became the focus of growing pubic anger towards the regime
-She was portrayed as a German spy, deliberately conniving with Rasputin to betray Mother Russia
-December 1916 a member of the royal family Prince Yusupov arranged to murder rasputin in a last ditch effort to save autocracy, but the damage had been done

56
Q

When was the February Revolution?’

A
57
Q

What were the events of the February Revolution?

A

Tsarist Russia (8 decks)

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