NHM 201 Practice Exam Flashcards
True/False: HIV can be transmitted from the mother to the infant through breastfeeding
True
True/False: Medicinal herbs are regulated as dietary supplements and are tested for safety and efficacy
False
True/False Alcohol has been found to be a galactogogue that facilitates milk letdown and rectifies milk insufficiency
false
True/False Infants who are diagnosed with galactosemia should not be breastfed
True
A woman experiencing letdown failure may be prescribed a(n) _____ nasal spray
oxytocin
Treatment for plugged ducts would least likely include
a. Stopping breastfeeding until a health care provider is consulted
b. Massaging the affected breast
c. Applying a warm compress
d. Changing nursing positions
e. Taking one tablespoon of lecithin per day
a. stopping breastfeeding..
A new mother was away from her infant longer than planned and could not nurse her baby until she returned 6 hours later. Which of the following problems is she most likely to experience:
Breast infection
Engorgement
Plugged ducts
Sore nipples
Mastitis
engorgement
_______ is known to inhibit lactation
Oxytocin
Progesterone
Estrogen
Prolactin
estrogen
Alcohol may ____ milk letdown by _____ levels
Increase; increasing oxytocin
Increase; increasing prolactin
Decrease; decreasing prolactin
Decrease; decreasing oxytocin
decrease; decreasing oxytocin
Your friend had a baby 3 months ago and is anxious to go out with her friends. She is still breastfeeding but would like to have a few drinks. What would you suggest?
Pump before going out and use that until the alcohol has been cleared from the system
The American Academy of Pediatrics classifies _____ as a substance that is contraindicated during lactation
Alcohol
Caffeine
THC
Nicotine
Sugar
THC
Breastfeeding women should avoid eating swordfish, shark, and tuna because they have high _____ levels
mercury
A food allergy is an immunologic response, typically immunoglobulin ____ mediated, to a specific food protein
E
Which food item is least likely to be considered a common pediatric food allergen?
Cows milk
Eggs
Peanut
Soybeans
Oats
oats
A lactating woman experiences localized pain in a red, hot, swollen area on the right breast and has a tender lump. She also experiences fever and flu-like symptoms. Which of the following conditions is she suffering from?
Plugged ducts
Breast abscess
Engorgement
Mastitis
mastitis
Infants born between _____ weeks are considered late preterm
28 and 30
30 and 33
34 and 37
39 and 42
42 and 45
34 and 37
The composition of milk from mothers who deliver preterm infants is higher in ____ and lower in ___ compared to the milk of mothers who deliver full-term infants
Protein and energy; lactose
Lactose; protein and energy
Lactose and protein; energy
Energy; protein and lactose
Protein; energy and lactose
protein and energy; lactose
The functional unit of the mammary gland is the ______
alveoli
Which stage of lactogenesis is marked as the onset of copious milk secretion?
stage 3
What hormone is produced during letdown and causes the ejection of milk from the milk glands into the milk ducts?
oxytocin
Prolactin is secreted from the ________ pituitary and causes _________
anterior; milk production
Human milk is needed by the majority of healthy infants for approximately the first ___ months
6
Colostrum is higher in ______, _______, and ________ than mature milk
IgA, protein, vitamin A
The dominant carbohydrate in human milk is _______
lactose
The major class of protein found in mature human milk is ______ which promotes calcium absorption
casein
The hormone responsible for uterine contractions and the minimization of maternal postpartum blood loss is _______
oxytocin
Which statement correctly describes milk production?
The amount of milk produced is the same regardless of the number of infants being nursed
Milk production is triggered only when the breast is empty of milk
Women with smaller breasts have a reduced capacity for milk production
Milk production is highest in the days following birth and decreases thereafter
Milk production is triggered by the removal of milk from the breast
milk production is triggered by the removal of milk from the breast
An infant should be allowed to nurse at one breast as long as she wants so that she gets more ___________
hindmilk
Hindmilk has (higher/lower) fat content than foremilk?
higher
What is the appropriate daily water intake recommendation for a nursing mother?
6-8 cups
8-10 cups
10-12 cups
More than 12 cups
Drink enough fluids to keep urine pale yellow
enough to keep urine pale yellow
Healthy people 2020 has breastfeeding objectives focusing on _______
Increasing the proportion of breastfed infants only
Increasing the duration of breastfeeding only
Decreasing the duration of breastfeeding
Increasing the proportion of breastfed infants and increasing the duration of breastfeeding
Increasing the proportion of breastfed infants and the duration of breastfeeding
Ria is a breastfeeding mother. She does not have exposure to sunlight. Her doctor warned that her infant may develop hypocalcemia or rickets. Identify the nutrient that is deficient in her breast milk.
vitamin D
With regard to onsite childcare, current federal law_______
Prohibits a woman from being fired if she breastfeeds while on break
Protects a woman’s right to breastfeed anywhere on federal property that she is authorized to be
Prohibits a woman from being fired if she breastfeeds while at lunch
Provides tax credits to employers who provide lactation services
Establishes minimum standards for breast pump safety
protects a woman’s right to breastfeed anywhere she is authorized to be
Which of the following is a source of B12 for breastfeeding women who consume no animal products?
Oranges
Tomatoes
Yeast
Chocolates
Rice
yeast
Which statement is part of the policy established by UNICEF regarding the marketing of breast milk substitutes?
They should not be advertised
They should not have food labels
Free samples should be provided to breastfeeding mothers
Promotion is important through health care facilities
Company sale resps must advise mothers of the products
they should not be advertised
True/False: edema in pregnancy, when not accompanied by hypertension, generally reflects a healthy expansion of plasma volume
true
True/False: maternal and fetal needs for protein are primarily fulfilled by the mother’s intake of protein during pregnancy
true
True/False: the rate of human growth and development is higher during gestation than at any time thereafter
true
True/False: one of the functions of the placenta is the removal of waste products from the fetus
true
Preterm refers to infants born before_____ weeks of pregnancy
37
Pregnancy averages________ weeks
40
Decreased conversion of glucose to glycogen and fat, lowered maternal utilization of glucose, and increased liver production of glucose help _____
Ensure the mother does not gain excessive weight during the second half
Ensure a constant supply of fat for maternal energy needs
Ensure a constant supply of glucose for fetal growth and development
Ensure that women do not expend too much energy on metabolism and have plenty of energy to support fetal growth
Promote healthy weight gain in pregnant women
ensure a constant supply of glucose for fetal growth and development
Describe the change in lipid blood levels that occurs during pregnancy
Cholesterol and triglyceride levels decrease
Cholesterol and triglyceride levels do not change
Cholesterol and triglyceride levels both increase
Cholesterol and triglyceride fluctuate daily
Cholesterol increases and triglyceride decrease
cholesterol and TGs both increase
It is recommended that overweight women gain _______ pounds in pregnancy
15-25
The increased need for energy in pregnancy averages _____ kcal/day
400
(2nd trimester +340kcal
3rd trimester +452kcal)
Inadequate intake of ______ during pregnancy has been associated with neural-tube defects
folate
Pregnant women are more susceptible to the risks of foodborne illnesses because of increased levels of ________
progesterone
Heartburn in pregnant women is likely caused by ____
Larger food intake volumes
Increased blood fluid volumes
Weight gain
Movements of the fetus in the uterus
The relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter at the top of the stomach
relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter
The number of previous deliveries experienced by a women _______
parity
Eating disorder characterized by the compulsion to eat substances that are not food _____
pica
A foodborne bacterial infection that can lead to preterm delivery and stillbirth in pregnant women _________
listeria
The absence of the brain or spinal cord
anancephaly
The number of pregnancies a woman has experienced
gravida
A condition caused by inadequate maternal intake of iodine during pregnancy
goiter
A parasitic infection that can impair fetal brain development
toxoplasmosis
A condition characterized by severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy_______
hyperemesis
True/False: ovulation and menstruation resume in most women with eating disorders with a return to normal eating behaviors and weight gain
true
The first therapeutic option for infertility in obese people is ____
Medication
Weight loss
Hormone therapy
In vitro fertilization
Surgery
weight loss
Excess central body fat is related to ___-
Insulin resistance
Increased sperm count
Decreased testosterone production in females
Decreased oxidative stress
insulin resistance
Which symptom is least likely to be associated with PCOS
Insulin resistance
Abnormal facial or body hair
Infertility
Low testosterone levels
Obesity
low testosterone levels
Two grains that people with celiac disease can safely consume are ____
Oats and rice
Oats and wheat
Rye and rice
Barley and rye
oats and rice
Which of the following can be part of a healthy diet for an adult with celiac disease?
Breads
Cakes
Popcorn
Cereals
popcorn
The occurrence of ____ is unrelated to obesity
Type 1 diabetes
Subfertility
Type 2 diabetes
Metabolic syndrome
type 1 diabetes
true/False: During the preconception period, factors such as weight status; folic acid, iron, and antioxidant intake; and dietary supplement use would be addressed as part of the nutrition care process
true
True/False: nutrient requirements for both men and women should be met through dietary supplements rather than foods
false
obesity is generally indicated by body mass index values over______
30
Exposure to higher levels of ___is related to decreased sperm production and abnormal sperm motility and shape
Zinc
Iron
Lead
Iodine
lead
Which factor would be more likely to affect female fertility than male fertility?
Inadequate body fat
Poor iron stores
High alcohol intake
Excessive body fat
Excessive exercise
poor iron stores
A BMI greater than _____ is typically needed to sustain normal reproductive function in women
20
Which dietary component can protect cells of the reproductive system from damage by free radicals
Zinc
Iron
Vitamin E
Zinc and vitamin E
All of the above
zinc and vitamin E
The development of facial and heart abnormalities (teratogenic effects) in the fetus has been linked to excessive intake of ____ by the mother
Vitamin A
Iodine
Iron
Zinc
vitamin A
Refined grain products are often fortified with ______ to decrease rates of neural tube defects
folic acid (folate)
The biological inability to bear children after one year of unprotected intercourse
infecundity
The biological ability to bear children_________
fecundity
The actual production of children ________
fertitily
The involuntary absence of production of children _________
infertility
Taking an unusually long time to conceive or having repeated pregnancy losses
subfertility
The absence of a menstrual cycle __________
amenorrhea
A menstrual cycle in which ovulation does not occur __________
anovulation
Which type of body fat is most detrimental to health? __________
visceral/abdominal
Which diet strategy would be inappropriate to treat individuals with type 2 diabetes?
Weight loss if overweight
Regular fruit and vegetable consumption
Increasing intake of low-glycemic-index foods that are rich in fiber
150 minutes of physical activity per week
Regular intake of refined grains
regular intake of refined grains
Lack of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase diminished the conversion of ________ to ________
phenylalanine; tyrosine
Which food item would be acceptable in a PKU diet plan?
Meat
Wheat
Fish
Broccoli
Eggs
broccoli
Treatment of celiac disease focuses on removing _______ from the diet
gluten
True/False: Cholesterol is an essential nutrient that must be obtained through one’s diet
false
True/False: malnutrition can result from both inadequate and excessive levels of nutrient intake
true
True/False: water is a nonessential nutrient
false
What are the six categories of essential nutrients?
carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, water
A calorie is the amount of energy it takes to ___________ by _____ degree celsius
raise one kilogram of water; 1
The EAR refers to an intake value estimate to meet the needs of what percentage of the healthy population?
50%
Complex carbs include
Glucose, glycogen, and most types of fiber
Glucose, sucrose, and fructose
Starches, glycogen, and most types of fiber
Starches, glucose, and sucrose
Starches, glycogen, and glucose
starches, glycogen, and most types of fiber
Triglycerides are composed of ___
Two glycerol molecules attached to a fatty acid
Two fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule
Three glycerol molecules attached to a fatty acid
Three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule
Three fatty acids attached to three glycerol molecules
three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule
Which substance provides the most energy per gram
Protein
Fiber
Fat
Water
Glucose
fat
Which of the following statements is true of proteins?
Protein provides two calories per gram
Proteins obtained from food sources such as milk, cheese, and meat are considered low quality
All plant sources of protein provides all nine essential amino acids
Proteins help build and maintain muscles, bones, enzymes, and red blood cells
Proteins are made up of various types of triglycerides
proteins help build and maintain muscles, bones, enzymes, and red blood cells
Complementing amino acids can be found in which plant-based food combination? ______and _________
rice and beans
Essential amino acids
Are produced by the human body
Must be obtained through a person’s diet
Must be synthesized from nonessential amino acids
Are abundant in lipids
Are also referred to as dispensable amino acids
must be obtained through a person’s diet
Name the fat-soluble vitamins
vitamins A, D, E, & K
A 12 inch turkey sandwich contains 20g carb, 8g protein, and 5g fat. What is the number of calories in one-half of the sandwich?
78.5
130
150
65.5
78.5
Healthy dietary patterns include the regular consumption of ____
Refined grain products
All types of nuts
Processed meat
Tropical oils
Foods high in saturated fats
all types of nuts
True/False: The energy needs of infants per kg of body weight are higher than at any other time of life.
true
True/False: Infant mortality is one of the key indicators of the overall health of a nation
true
True/False: restriction of dietary cholesterol is recommended during infancy
false
True/False: The DHA content in breast milk is lower in vegetarian mothers
true
True/False: The amounts of baby food packages in jars and pouches are determined by age-appropriate serving sizes for infants
false
True/False: GI infections may temporarily cause lactose intolerance
true
True/False: Healthy infants may have brief periods when their weight gain is slower or more rapid than at other times
true
Full term infants are born at _______ weeks gestation
37-42
An infant weighing 2300 g would be considered a(n) ______ birthweight
low
Infant mortality rate refers to the number of infant deaths for every _____ live births
1000
Measurements for weight, length, or head circumference below the ______ percentile indicate than an infant is SGA, whereas measurements above the ______ percentile indicate an infant is LGA
10th; 90th
Which nutritional component would a newborn be unable to digest?
Fats
Proteins
Complex carbs
Simple sugars
complex carbs
The two essential fatty acids required in an infant’s diet are ________ and __________
linoleic; alpha-linolenic
Which mineral contributes significantly to the prevention and reduction of dental caries?
flouride
Which mineral is a major component of extracellular fluid and an important regulator of fluid balance?
sodium
_____ is the movement of stomach contents backward into the esophagus due to stomach muscle contractions
GER
Root reflex
IUGR
Colic
Celiac disease
GER
As blood lead levels increase…
Only blood calcium decreases
Only blood iron decreases
Blood calcium and iron levels decrease
Blood calcium levels increase
Both blood calcium and iron increase
blood calcium and iron levels decrease
