NHM 201 Practice Exam Flashcards
True/False: HIV can be transmitted from the mother to the infant through breastfeeding
True
True/False: Medicinal herbs are regulated as dietary supplements and are tested for safety and efficacy
False
True/False Alcohol has been found to be a galactogogue that facilitates milk letdown and rectifies milk insufficiency
false
True/False Infants who are diagnosed with galactosemia should not be breastfed
True
A woman experiencing letdown failure may be prescribed a(n) _____ nasal spray
oxytocin
Treatment for plugged ducts would least likely include
a. Stopping breastfeeding until a health care provider is consulted
b. Massaging the affected breast
c. Applying a warm compress
d. Changing nursing positions
e. Taking one tablespoon of lecithin per day
a. stopping breastfeeding..
A new mother was away from her infant longer than planned and could not nurse her baby until she returned 6 hours later. Which of the following problems is she most likely to experience:
Breast infection
Engorgement
Plugged ducts
Sore nipples
Mastitis
engorgement
_______ is known to inhibit lactation
Oxytocin
Progesterone
Estrogen
Prolactin
estrogen
Alcohol may ____ milk letdown by _____ levels
Increase; increasing oxytocin
Increase; increasing prolactin
Decrease; decreasing prolactin
Decrease; decreasing oxytocin
decrease; decreasing oxytocin
Your friend had a baby 3 months ago and is anxious to go out with her friends. She is still breastfeeding but would like to have a few drinks. What would you suggest?
Pump before going out and use that until the alcohol has been cleared from the system
The American Academy of Pediatrics classifies _____ as a substance that is contraindicated during lactation
Alcohol
Caffeine
THC
Nicotine
Sugar
THC
Breastfeeding women should avoid eating swordfish, shark, and tuna because they have high _____ levels
mercury
A food allergy is an immunologic response, typically immunoglobulin ____ mediated, to a specific food protein
E
Which food item is least likely to be considered a common pediatric food allergen?
Cows milk
Eggs
Peanut
Soybeans
Oats
oats
A lactating woman experiences localized pain in a red, hot, swollen area on the right breast and has a tender lump. She also experiences fever and flu-like symptoms. Which of the following conditions is she suffering from?
Plugged ducts
Breast abscess
Engorgement
Mastitis
mastitis
Infants born between _____ weeks are considered late preterm
28 and 30
30 and 33
34 and 37
39 and 42
42 and 45
34 and 37
The composition of milk from mothers who deliver preterm infants is higher in ____ and lower in ___ compared to the milk of mothers who deliver full-term infants
Protein and energy; lactose
Lactose; protein and energy
Lactose and protein; energy
Energy; protein and lactose
Protein; energy and lactose
protein and energy; lactose
The functional unit of the mammary gland is the ______
alveoli
Which stage of lactogenesis is marked as the onset of copious milk secretion?
stage 3
What hormone is produced during letdown and causes the ejection of milk from the milk glands into the milk ducts?
oxytocin
Prolactin is secreted from the ________ pituitary and causes _________
anterior; milk production
Human milk is needed by the majority of healthy infants for approximately the first ___ months
6
Colostrum is higher in ______, _______, and ________ than mature milk
IgA, protein, vitamin A
The dominant carbohydrate in human milk is _______
lactose
The major class of protein found in mature human milk is ______ which promotes calcium absorption
casein
The hormone responsible for uterine contractions and the minimization of maternal postpartum blood loss is _______
oxytocin
Which statement correctly describes milk production?
The amount of milk produced is the same regardless of the number of infants being nursed
Milk production is triggered only when the breast is empty of milk
Women with smaller breasts have a reduced capacity for milk production
Milk production is highest in the days following birth and decreases thereafter
Milk production is triggered by the removal of milk from the breast
milk production is triggered by the removal of milk from the breast
An infant should be allowed to nurse at one breast as long as she wants so that she gets more ___________
hindmilk
Hindmilk has (higher/lower) fat content than foremilk?
higher
What is the appropriate daily water intake recommendation for a nursing mother?
6-8 cups
8-10 cups
10-12 cups
More than 12 cups
Drink enough fluids to keep urine pale yellow
enough to keep urine pale yellow
Healthy people 2020 has breastfeeding objectives focusing on _______
Increasing the proportion of breastfed infants only
Increasing the duration of breastfeeding only
Decreasing the duration of breastfeeding
Increasing the proportion of breastfed infants and increasing the duration of breastfeeding
Increasing the proportion of breastfed infants and the duration of breastfeeding
Ria is a breastfeeding mother. She does not have exposure to sunlight. Her doctor warned that her infant may develop hypocalcemia or rickets. Identify the nutrient that is deficient in her breast milk.
vitamin D
With regard to onsite childcare, current federal law_______
Prohibits a woman from being fired if she breastfeeds while on break
Protects a woman’s right to breastfeed anywhere on federal property that she is authorized to be
Prohibits a woman from being fired if she breastfeeds while at lunch
Provides tax credits to employers who provide lactation services
Establishes minimum standards for breast pump safety
protects a woman’s right to breastfeed anywhere she is authorized to be
Which of the following is a source of B12 for breastfeeding women who consume no animal products?
Oranges
Tomatoes
Yeast
Chocolates
Rice
yeast
Which statement is part of the policy established by UNICEF regarding the marketing of breast milk substitutes?
They should not be advertised
They should not have food labels
Free samples should be provided to breastfeeding mothers
Promotion is important through health care facilities
Company sale resps must advise mothers of the products
they should not be advertised
True/False: edema in pregnancy, when not accompanied by hypertension, generally reflects a healthy expansion of plasma volume
true
True/False: maternal and fetal needs for protein are primarily fulfilled by the mother’s intake of protein during pregnancy
true
True/False: the rate of human growth and development is higher during gestation than at any time thereafter
true
True/False: one of the functions of the placenta is the removal of waste products from the fetus
true
Preterm refers to infants born before_____ weeks of pregnancy
37
Pregnancy averages________ weeks
40
Decreased conversion of glucose to glycogen and fat, lowered maternal utilization of glucose, and increased liver production of glucose help _____
Ensure the mother does not gain excessive weight during the second half
Ensure a constant supply of fat for maternal energy needs
Ensure a constant supply of glucose for fetal growth and development
Ensure that women do not expend too much energy on metabolism and have plenty of energy to support fetal growth
Promote healthy weight gain in pregnant women
ensure a constant supply of glucose for fetal growth and development
Describe the change in lipid blood levels that occurs during pregnancy
Cholesterol and triglyceride levels decrease
Cholesterol and triglyceride levels do not change
Cholesterol and triglyceride levels both increase
Cholesterol and triglyceride fluctuate daily
Cholesterol increases and triglyceride decrease
cholesterol and TGs both increase
It is recommended that overweight women gain _______ pounds in pregnancy
15-25
The increased need for energy in pregnancy averages _____ kcal/day
400
(2nd trimester +340kcal
3rd trimester +452kcal)
Inadequate intake of ______ during pregnancy has been associated with neural-tube defects
folate
Pregnant women are more susceptible to the risks of foodborne illnesses because of increased levels of ________
progesterone
Heartburn in pregnant women is likely caused by ____
Larger food intake volumes
Increased blood fluid volumes
Weight gain
Movements of the fetus in the uterus
The relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter at the top of the stomach
relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter
The number of previous deliveries experienced by a women _______
parity
Eating disorder characterized by the compulsion to eat substances that are not food _____
pica
A foodborne bacterial infection that can lead to preterm delivery and stillbirth in pregnant women _________
listeria
The absence of the brain or spinal cord
anancephaly
The number of pregnancies a woman has experienced
gravida
A condition caused by inadequate maternal intake of iodine during pregnancy
goiter
A parasitic infection that can impair fetal brain development
toxoplasmosis
A condition characterized by severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy_______
hyperemesis
True/False: ovulation and menstruation resume in most women with eating disorders with a return to normal eating behaviors and weight gain
true
The first therapeutic option for infertility in obese people is ____
Medication
Weight loss
Hormone therapy
In vitro fertilization
Surgery
weight loss
Excess central body fat is related to ___-
Insulin resistance
Increased sperm count
Decreased testosterone production in females
Decreased oxidative stress
insulin resistance
Which symptom is least likely to be associated with PCOS
Insulin resistance
Abnormal facial or body hair
Infertility
Low testosterone levels
Obesity
low testosterone levels
Two grains that people with celiac disease can safely consume are ____
Oats and rice
Oats and wheat
Rye and rice
Barley and rye
oats and rice
Which of the following can be part of a healthy diet for an adult with celiac disease?
Breads
Cakes
Popcorn
Cereals
popcorn
The occurrence of ____ is unrelated to obesity
Type 1 diabetes
Subfertility
Type 2 diabetes
Metabolic syndrome
type 1 diabetes
true/False: During the preconception period, factors such as weight status; folic acid, iron, and antioxidant intake; and dietary supplement use would be addressed as part of the nutrition care process
true
True/False: nutrient requirements for both men and women should be met through dietary supplements rather than foods
false
obesity is generally indicated by body mass index values over______
30
Exposure to higher levels of ___is related to decreased sperm production and abnormal sperm motility and shape
Zinc
Iron
Lead
Iodine
lead
Which factor would be more likely to affect female fertility than male fertility?
Inadequate body fat
Poor iron stores
High alcohol intake
Excessive body fat
Excessive exercise
poor iron stores
A BMI greater than _____ is typically needed to sustain normal reproductive function in women
20
Which dietary component can protect cells of the reproductive system from damage by free radicals
Zinc
Iron
Vitamin E
Zinc and vitamin E
All of the above
zinc and vitamin E
The development of facial and heart abnormalities (teratogenic effects) in the fetus has been linked to excessive intake of ____ by the mother
Vitamin A
Iodine
Iron
Zinc
vitamin A
Refined grain products are often fortified with ______ to decrease rates of neural tube defects
folic acid (folate)
The biological inability to bear children after one year of unprotected intercourse
infecundity
The biological ability to bear children_________
fecundity
The actual production of children ________
fertitily
The involuntary absence of production of children _________
infertility
Taking an unusually long time to conceive or having repeated pregnancy losses
subfertility
The absence of a menstrual cycle __________
amenorrhea
A menstrual cycle in which ovulation does not occur __________
anovulation
Which type of body fat is most detrimental to health? __________
visceral/abdominal
Which diet strategy would be inappropriate to treat individuals with type 2 diabetes?
Weight loss if overweight
Regular fruit and vegetable consumption
Increasing intake of low-glycemic-index foods that are rich in fiber
150 minutes of physical activity per week
Regular intake of refined grains
regular intake of refined grains
Lack of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase diminished the conversion of ________ to ________
phenylalanine; tyrosine
Which food item would be acceptable in a PKU diet plan?
Meat
Wheat
Fish
Broccoli
Eggs
broccoli
Treatment of celiac disease focuses on removing _______ from the diet
gluten
True/False: Cholesterol is an essential nutrient that must be obtained through one’s diet
false
True/False: malnutrition can result from both inadequate and excessive levels of nutrient intake
true
True/False: water is a nonessential nutrient
false
What are the six categories of essential nutrients?
carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, water
A calorie is the amount of energy it takes to ___________ by _____ degree celsius
raise one kilogram of water; 1
The EAR refers to an intake value estimate to meet the needs of what percentage of the healthy population?
50%
Complex carbs include
Glucose, glycogen, and most types of fiber
Glucose, sucrose, and fructose
Starches, glycogen, and most types of fiber
Starches, glucose, and sucrose
Starches, glycogen, and glucose
starches, glycogen, and most types of fiber
Triglycerides are composed of ___
Two glycerol molecules attached to a fatty acid
Two fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule
Three glycerol molecules attached to a fatty acid
Three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule
Three fatty acids attached to three glycerol molecules
three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule
Which substance provides the most energy per gram
Protein
Fiber
Fat
Water
Glucose
fat
Which of the following statements is true of proteins?
Protein provides two calories per gram
Proteins obtained from food sources such as milk, cheese, and meat are considered low quality
All plant sources of protein provides all nine essential amino acids
Proteins help build and maintain muscles, bones, enzymes, and red blood cells
Proteins are made up of various types of triglycerides
proteins help build and maintain muscles, bones, enzymes, and red blood cells
Complementing amino acids can be found in which plant-based food combination? ______and _________
rice and beans
Essential amino acids
Are produced by the human body
Must be obtained through a person’s diet
Must be synthesized from nonessential amino acids
Are abundant in lipids
Are also referred to as dispensable amino acids
must be obtained through a person’s diet
Name the fat-soluble vitamins
vitamins A, D, E, & K
A 12 inch turkey sandwich contains 20g carb, 8g protein, and 5g fat. What is the number of calories in one-half of the sandwich?
78.5
130
150
65.5
78.5
Healthy dietary patterns include the regular consumption of ____
Refined grain products
All types of nuts
Processed meat
Tropical oils
Foods high in saturated fats
all types of nuts
True/False: The energy needs of infants per kg of body weight are higher than at any other time of life.
true
True/False: Infant mortality is one of the key indicators of the overall health of a nation
true
True/False: restriction of dietary cholesterol is recommended during infancy
false
True/False: The DHA content in breast milk is lower in vegetarian mothers
true
True/False: The amounts of baby food packages in jars and pouches are determined by age-appropriate serving sizes for infants
false
True/False: GI infections may temporarily cause lactose intolerance
true
True/False: Healthy infants may have brief periods when their weight gain is slower or more rapid than at other times
true
Full term infants are born at _______ weeks gestation
37-42
An infant weighing 2300 g would be considered a(n) ______ birthweight
low
Infant mortality rate refers to the number of infant deaths for every _____ live births
1000
Measurements for weight, length, or head circumference below the ______ percentile indicate than an infant is SGA, whereas measurements above the ______ percentile indicate an infant is LGA
10th; 90th
Which nutritional component would a newborn be unable to digest?
Fats
Proteins
Complex carbs
Simple sugars
complex carbs
The two essential fatty acids required in an infant’s diet are ________ and __________
linoleic; alpha-linolenic
Which mineral contributes significantly to the prevention and reduction of dental caries?
flouride
Which mineral is a major component of extracellular fluid and an important regulator of fluid balance?
sodium
_____ is the movement of stomach contents backward into the esophagus due to stomach muscle contractions
GER
Root reflex
IUGR
Colic
Celiac disease
GER
As blood lead levels increase…
Only blood calcium decreases
Only blood iron decreases
Blood calcium and iron levels decrease
Blood calcium levels increase
Both blood calcium and iron increase
blood calcium and iron levels decrease
If an infant is exclusively breastfed and not exposed to adequate amounts of sunlight, he or she would need a __________ supplement
vitamin D
Which of the following foods can increase the risk of choking in an infant
Soft cooked green beans
Whole wheat crackers
Cooked oatmeal
Mashed potatoes
Cooked, skinless apple
whole wheat crackers
Methods of relieving colic include all of the following except
Swaddling
Bathing or calming
Evaluating and improving positioning of baby for eating
Ensuring often burping
Increase the mother’s intake of cow’s milk if breastfed
increase the mother’s intake of cow’s milk if breastfed
True/False: Undernutrition does not affect cognitive development in toddlers and pre-k kids because cognitive ability is genetically determined
false
True/False: Children have an innate ability to adjust their caloric intake to meet energy needs
true
True/False: Trans fatty acids occur naturally in small amounts in foods such as dairy products and beef
true
True/False: Because toddlers can’t eat a large amount of food at one time, snacks are vital in meeting the child’s nutritional needs
true
True/False: recumbent length is used to measure toddlers less than 24 months of age and those between 24 and 36 months who are unable to stand unassisted
true
True/False: A rapid growth rate coupled with inadequate intake of iron places toddlers, especially 9-18 months at the highest risk for iron deficiency
true
True/False: In vegetarian children, high-fiber foods may displace other energy-dense foods and may decrease the bioavailability of some minerals, such as iron and calcium
true
True/False: Sources of vitamin D include exposure to sunlight and fortified milk
true
Children naturally prefer _______ and slightly _______ tastes
sweet; salty
Protein is ___ when a child has adequate energy intake
Used to maintain healthy bones and teeth
Used for growth and tissue repair
Stored in the liver and muscles
Used to fuel physical activity
Used as an insulator to preserve body heat
used for growth and tissue repair
Which is a high quality protein
Brown rice
Peas
Sunflower seeds
Green beans
Milk
milk
A BMI in the 90th percentile would indicate that a 3 year old is ____
Underweight
Extremely underweight
Overweight
Obese
Extremely obese
overweight
Which food is most likely a potential choking hazard for children less than 2
Cottage cheese
Mashed potatoes
Spaghetti noodles
Hot dogs
Honey
hot dogs
The serving sizes for toddlers is ____ of food per year of age
1 tsp
2 tsp
1 Tbsp
¼ cup
½ cup
1Tbsp
Which food is a good source of dietary fiber for toddlers and preschoolers ?
Pork
Whole grain cereal
Cheese
Turkey
Apple juice
whole grain cereal
Which screening tool is recommended for assessment of pediatric overweight and obesity?
Family medical history
Weight for height
Weight for age
Height for age
BMI for age percentile
BMI-for-age percentile
Beginning at age 3 EER are based on gender, age, height, weight, and __
Physical activity
Adjusted age
Language skills
Temperament
Average body temp
physical activity
The FDA and EPA advise that young children should eat fish lower in mercury such as
Tilefish from the gulf of mexico
Swordfish
King mackerel
Salmon
Shark
salmon
The metabolic rate of ____ is the highest of any period in life
Teenagers
Infant
Toddlers
Adults
Preterm infants
infants
Which is a good source of alpha-linolenic acid?
Yogurt
Cereal
Flaxseed oil
Apple
Egg
flaxseed oil
Which factor increases fluid requirements for toddlers and preschoolers?
Fever
Iron deficiency
Constipation
Increased fat intake
Increased calcium intake
fever
True/False: a casein free diet is recommended for children with ASD
false
True/False: Many young kids with special needs prefer to eat solid foods rather than drink fluids
false
True/False: Cystic fibrosis is a chronic condition in which a child has low energy needs
false
True/False: Premature infants are more likely to develop CP
true
Which condition is generally associated with higher energy needs?
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Down syndrome
Prader-willi syndrome
Spina bifida
Non Ambulatory children with diplegia
bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Overweight and obesity are commonly found with
Cystic fibrosis
Prader willi syndrome
Wiedeman-bechwith syndrome
Prader willi and Wiedeman-Bechwith syndrome
All of the Above
Prader Willi and Wiedeman-Bechwith syndrome
Celiac disease occurs in people who are sensitive to
Methionine
Tryptophan
Valine
Gluten
Lysine
gluten
Which condition is associated with lower energy needs?
Pediatric AIDS
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Cystic fibrosis
Spina bifida
Renal disease
spina bifida
A 7 year old has low impulse control, short attention span, high level of activity, which could indicate
ADHD
Rett syndrome
Prader-Willi syndrome
Spastic quadriplegia
ASD
ADHD
The most likely cause of toddler diarrhea in a health child is
Intake of vegetables
Excessive intake of fat
Consumption of eggs
Excessive intake of juices that contain sucrose or sorbitol
Switching from whole milk to low fat milk
excess intake of juices with sucrose or sorbitol
Children with celiac disease should exclude ___ from their diet
Rice
Corn
Pasta
Bananas
Chicken
pasta
Which food would be an inappropriate choice to feed a child with spastic quadriplegia
Roast beef
Steamed or cooked carrots
Apples sauce
Mashed potatoes
Cream of wheat
roast beef
True/False: Sticky carb foods such as raisins are strong dental cary predictors
true
True/False: Snacks contribute significantly to a child’s daily intake during middle childhood
true
True/False: During the school-age years, growth velocity is as great as it was during infancy
false
True/False: The average age of BMI rebound is 6 years
true
True/False: Simple sugars are better choices than complex carbs for overall health and nutrition
false
True/False: Children who consume vegetarian or vegan diets are at a higher risk for becoming obese and may be at a lower risk for some nutrient deficiencies
false
True/False: In order to control screen time for kids it is recommended that tv and other screens be removed from their bedrooms
true
True/False: Research has indicated that early “dieting or unhealthy weight controlling behaviors” may be a risk factor for the development of obesity
true
Kids with a BMI for age between the 85th and 94th percentile are classified as
Severely underweight
Underweight
Healthy weight
Overweight
Obese
overweight
The children in families who regularly ate three or more meals together weekly were
Less likely to be overweight
Less likely to have disordered eating
More likely to eat healthy foods
All of the above
all of the above
Which food will enhance iron absorption
Grapefruit
Skim milk
Corn
Carrots
Portabella mushrooms
grapefruit
Fats and ____ may have a protective effect on tooth enamel
Simple carbs
Complex carbs
Proteins
Dairy products
Simple sugars
proteins
According to the AHA and AAP, children over 2 should limit ____ to <7% of kcal/day
Saturated fat
Monounsaturated fat
Polyunsaturated fat
Trans fat
Cholesterol
saturated fat
The human body requires optimal intake of ____ to support optimal growth and development
Sodium
Vitamin D
Refined carbs
Saturated fats
vitamin D
Which food would be the best choice for a parent trying to increase fiber in their child’s diet?
Energy bar
Broccoli
Apple juice
White rice
Soy milk
broccoli
It is recommended that children engage in at least ___ minutes of physical activity every day
60
An _____ BMI rebound has been associated with an increased risk of overweight and obesity
early
True/False: A diet high in protein is needed for chronic constipation management
false
True/False: A child suffering from celiac disease should strictly avoid intake of protein
false
Which of the following conditions necessitates avoidance of protein-rich meats or dairy products
ASD
ADHD
Asthma
Down syndrome
PKU
PKU
Every time a child with CF eats a meal or snack, they must take pills containing
Pancreatic enzymes
Insulin
Vitamin K
Vitamin C
Calcium
pancreatic enzymes
Which of the following conditions requires fat-soluble vitamin supplements
Diabetes
Osteoporosis
PKU
Cystic fibrosis
Pediatric HIV
cystic fibrosis
Galactosemia will likely affect intake of
Calcium
Vitamin C
Vitamin E
Vitamin B12
Iron
calcium
A ketogenic diet severely limits intake of
Fats
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Cholesterol
Fat-soluble vitamins
carbs
Type 1 Diabetes is related to immune function and results in virtually no ___ production
Secretin
Leptin
Cortisol
Insulin
insulin
A major nutrition-related consequence of cystic fibrosis is
Malabsorption of nutrients due to a lack of pancreatic enzymes
Gluten sensitivity
Lactose intolerance
Inability to break down protein
Low blood glucose
malabsportion of nutrients due to a lack of pancreatic enzymes
PKU is an inherited genetic condition that causes
An increase in phenylalanine levels in the body
Osteoporosis
Excretion of excess ketones in urine
An increase in blood glucose levels
Constipation because of muscle coordination problems in the GI tract
an increase of phenylalanine levels in the body
True/False: An infant weighing between 1000 and 1500 g at birth is referred to as very low birthweight
true
True/False: Breast milk is unlikely to be recommended for a preterm infant
false
Which of the following procedures of feeding requires a tube passing through the mouth into the stomach
Intravenous
Jejunostomy
Gastrostomy
Nasogastric
Orogastric
orogastric
PKU is an inherited error in
Fat metabolism
Carb metabolism
Protein metabolism
Bone formation
Fatty acid accumulation
protein metablosim
Extremely low birthweight infants weigh, at maximum, ________ grams at birth
1000
Infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia often need energy intakes (below/above) the DRI
above
In which condition would fewer calories be needed for a child?
Infections
Fever
Difficulty breathing
Recovery from surgery
Spina bifida
spina bifida
A routine source of fat in preterm infant formula is
Long-chain triglycerides
Medium-chain triglycerides
Short-chain triglycerides
Trans fatty acids
Vegetable oil
medium-chain triglycerides
To meet the high nutritional needs of preterm infants, a key nutrient in human milk fortifiers is
Iron
Vitamin D
Fat
Vitamin A
Protein
protein
What is the corrected age for a 9 month old infant born at 32 weeks?
7 months
Which of the following statements is true of general and/or parenteral feedings
Breastfeeding is an example of enteral feeding
Breastfeeding is an example of parenteral feeding
Enteral feeding delivers nutrients directly to the digestive system, while parenteral feeding delivers nutrients directly to the bloodstream
Parenteral feeding delivers nutrients directly to the digestive system, while enteral feeding delivers nutrients directly to the bloodstream
Transport of nutrients across the placenta is an example of enteral feeding
Enteral feeding delivers nutrients directly to the digestive system, while parenteral feeding delivers nutrients directly to the bloodstream
When enteral nutrition is expected to be needed long term, generally over 3 months, the ____ feeding method is often used
Gavage
Gavage or gastrostomy
Parenteral or jejunostomy
Gavage or jejunostomy
Gastrostomy or jejunostomy
gastrostomy or jejunostomy
Which of the following statements is NOT true of preterm infants
They have higher incidence of temperature instability than term infants
They are at higher risk of respiratory problems
They are born before 37 weeks gestation
They have higher incidence of hypoglycemia than late preterm infants
All of the above is true for preterm infants
all of the above is true
Which food would be inappropriate for a baby with galactosemia
Sugar solution
Apple juice
Soybean formula
Breast milk
Orange juice
breast milk
True/False: menarche may be delayed in highly competitive athletes or girls who severely restrict kcals
true
True/False: the dramatic physical growth and development experience by adolescents are less than the rate of growth experienced during infancy
false
True/False: data suggests that vegetarian adolescents consume more fruits and vegetables, fewer sweets, fewer salty snacks, and less fat than omnivorous teens
true
True/False: teens are future-oriented and tend to be concerned about how their eating will affect them in later years
false
True/False: more frequent family meals are associated with improved dietary intake among adolescents
true
True/False: lunch is the most commonly skipped meal among adolescents
false
True/False: during adolescence the rapid rate of linear growth, the increase in blood volume, and the onset of menarche increase a teen’s need for sodium
false
True/False: physical activity is defined as any planned, structure, and repetitive movement that is done to improve or maintain physical fitness
false
True/False: teens below the 15th percentile for BMI-for-age are considered underweight
false
The use of stimulant meds for conditions such as ____ has been suggested to reduce or delay linear growth
ADHD
Hyperlipidemia
hypertension
Type 2 diabetes
Iron-deficiency anemia
ADHD
Research suggests that ____ % body fat is required for the maintenance of regular ovulatory cycles
25%
Bone is comprised largely of calcium, protein, and
Sodium
Iron
Boron
Potassium
Phosphorus
phosphorus
Dietary fiber is important for
Development of bones
Normal bowel movements
Regular menstrual cycle
Reducing the risk of anemia
Intestinal calcium absorption
normal bowel movements
Food choices made by adolescents while snacking tend to favor foods high in
Sugar, sodium, and fat
Vitamins and minerals
Carbs and fiber
Protein and calories
Added sugar, calcium, and potassium
sugar, sodium, and fat
Mass media and advertising are some of the ____ factors that play a more distal and indirect role in determining food patterns yet can exert a powerful influence on specific food choices
Behavioral
Microenvironmental
Macrosystem
Cognitive-affective
Immediate social environmental
macrosystem
Well-planned vegetarian diets can offer health advantages to adolescence such as
Low intake of carbs
Low intake of calcium
High intake of saturated fats
High intake of fiber
high intake of fiber
Which vegetarian diet excludes meat, poultry, fish, seafood, eggs, and dairy products
Partial-vegetarian
Vegan
Lacto-ovo-vegetarian
Lacto-vegetarian
Macrobiotic
vegan
The DRIs set the recommended intake of dietary fiber for adolescent females at ___ g/day and adolescent males at ___g/day
26; 38
The recommended intake of carbs among teens is ____% of kcals
45-65
The DRI for males between 9 and 13 is _____ mg of calcium
1300
Adequate consumption of folate before pregnancy can decrease the incidence of ___
neural tube defects (ie spina bifida)
Teen diets tend to exceed the recommended amount of total and saturated fats, cholesterol, added sugar, and ____
Sodium
Iron
Zinc
Fiber
Calcium
sodium
True/False: an inverse association exists between family income and obesity prevalence among white females of all ages
true
True/False: a healthy weight for most individuals is a BMI between 18.5 and 25
true
True/False: potassium-rich diets tend to reduce blood pressure
true
True/False: iron depletion, with or without anemia, is associated with reduced physical, physiological, and mental performance
true
Which of the following is true of chronic disease
They are contagious
They last for a short duration
They develop slowly
They do not require medical attention
They have a sudden onset
they develop slowly
Menopause is associated with an
Increase in muscle mass
Increase in abdominal fat
Accelerated gain of bone mass
Lower risk of cardiovascular disease
Increase in the elasticity of the skin
increase in abdominal fat
The additional energy required for the digestion, absorption, and metabolism of what people eat results from____
The thermic effect of food (TEF)
Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
Estimated energy requirements (EER)
Activity thermogenesis
Resting energy expenditure
TEF
Which of the following is a risk factor for heart disease?
High potassium intake
Burnt and charred food
High intake of antioxidants
High sodium intake
Unstructured eating
high sodium intake
The type of fiber that promotes the development of a beneficial mix of microbiota in the gut is known as ____ fiber
insoluble/fermentable
Low vitamin D intake is associated with decreased ____ bioavailability
Phosphorus
Calcium
Potassium
Magnesium
Iron
calcium
Which of the following eating styles includes the use of vegetables, fish and seafood, and olive oil?
Vegetarian
DASH
Mediterranean
Atkins
Vegan
mediterranean
What does the term climacteric changes refer to?
Bodily changes due to obesity
Bodily changes after chemotherapy
Changes associated with a person’s diet
Changes associated with the end of reproduction
Changes that occur when someone shifts from one diet to another
Changes associated with the end of reproduction
A pound of body weight is equivalent to ____kcals
3500
The AMDR for total fat is ____% of kcals
20-35
Based on the AMDR, someone that consumes 2000 kcals per day should get ____kcals from fat
100-300
200-400
400-700
600-900
1000-1200
400-700
The US guideline “if alcohol is consumed, it should be consumed in moderation” is defined as no more than ___ drinks/day for males and ___ drinks/day for females
2; 1
To lose 4 pounds in 4 weeks, one would need to decrease their intake by ____ kcals/day
250
350
500
550
750
500
Which type of fiber is helpful in decreasing the absorption of cholesterol?
soluble/viscous
True/False: viscous fiber facilitates the movement of water in the gut, forming a liquid gel that increases absorption of cholesterol-rich bile and carries them throughout the body
false
True/False: bariatric surgery is reserved for patients who have BMI>40 or >35 w/ high risk of morbidity or mortality
true
True/False: overweight and obesity result entirely from taking in more energy than you expend
false
True/False: carcinogenesis is the process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells
true
The leading cause of death for adults age 24-44 is __________
injury
Which nutrition related factor is associated with increased cancer risk?
Whole grains
Coffee
Salt-preserved foods
Garlic
Calcium rich foods
salt-preserved foods
Risk factors for CVD include
Low LDL
Low HDL
Low blood pressure
Regular PA
low HDL
If a female ate 100 extra calories per day in excess of her needs, how many days would it take her to gain one pound?
35
Metabolic syndrome is related to a cluster of metabolic abnormalities that include
Low fasting blood glucose levels
Abdominal obesity
Low LDL
High HDL
Low blood pressure
abdominal obesity
Which of the following explains the molecular clock theory
Telomeres that cap the ends of chromosomes become shorter with each cell division, and their loss eventually stops the chromosomes from replicating
Mistakes it the replication of cells or buildup of damaging byproducts from biological processes eventually destroys the organism
The unstable oxygen formed normally during metabolism can damage cells by initiating reactions that break down cell membranes
Fast-paced living shortens one’s lifespan
The genetic code directs cells to divide a certain number of times during their lifespan
Telomeres that cap the ends of chromosomes become shorter with each cell division, and their loss eventually stops the chromosomes from replicating
Vitamin D’s main role is the maintenance of blood _____ levels and in keeping bones strong and healthy
calcium
At higher doses, vitamin ___ may increase all-cause mortality, and is linked to longer blood-clotting times and tendency to hemorrhage
B12
K
A
E
D
E
Macronutrient recommendations (AMDR) for adults aged 70 plus are
Carb 45-65
fat 20-35
protein 10-35
Which of the following is a high quality protein source
Rice
Beans
Corn
Eggs
Oats
eggs
Two substances that are better absorbed in synthetic or purified form are folic acid and vitamin
A
E
K
D
B12
B12
What is the most common reason that b12 deficiency occurs in older adults?
Diets are low in b12 since oral problems and financial difficulties limit meat intake
The elderly have an inefficient digestive system and slow metabolism
Their diets primarily provide synthetic forms of b12, which are less absorbable that the protein-bound form naturally in foods
The elderly have a higher incidence of bacterial overgrowth, which decreases the secretion of hydrochloric acid
B12 supplements are expensive, and many older adults can not afford them
The elderly have a higher incidence of bacterial overgrowth, which decreases the secretion of hydrochloric acid
Caloric restriction in animals has been shown to
Promote age-related disease
Shorten life span
Increase longevity
Accelerate muscle loss
Accelerate gray matter atrophy
increase longevity
The term polypharmacy refers to the use of
Multiple counselors
Multiple doctors
Multiple medications
Over the counter drugs
Prescription drugs
multiple medications
True/False: Vitamin b12 deficiency is related to increased homocysteine blood levels
true
True/False: the percentage of total body water shrinks from infancy to old age
true
The two leading causes of death among the elderly are heart disease and
Cancer
Influenza
Arthritis
Alzheimers
Diabetes
cancer
Blood test used to verify blood sugar control
Hemoglobin
Hematocrit
Hemoglobin A1C
Blood triglycerides
Random finger stick
HbA1C
Reasonable hemoglobin A1C for a healthy adult aged 65 and older is less than___
3%
7.5%
10%
12%
15%
7.5%
A piece of blood clot formed elsewhere that travels to the brian is called ___
Ischemia
Aneurysm
Cerebral embolism
Thrombus
Aphasia
cerebral embolism
Which of the following results in hypertension diagnosis
90/70
120/70
110/80
80/85
140/90
140/90
The DRI for calcium for women 51 and older
1000mg/day
1200mg/day
1300mg/day
1500mg/day
2500mg/day
1200 mg/day
Nutrition advice for people who are taking blood thinner is to
Maintain a stable vitamin K intake
Avoid all foods with vitamin K
Eat vitamin K-rich foods only in the evening and take meds in the morning
Take a vitamin C supplement with meds
Eat lots of vitamin C at every meal
maintain stable vitamin K intake
To prevent vitamin b12 deficiency, adults 51 and older should get b12 from
A diet high in animal protein
A diet featuring leafy greens and cruciferous veggies
Fortified foods and/or supplements
A primarily vegetarian diet
Drinking non dairy milk products
fortified foods and/or supplements
Sarcopenia refers to
Lack of appetite
Muscle wasting
Porous bones
Shrinking height
Loss of saliva
muscle wasting
The DASH diet, the Prudent Pattern, and the Mediterranean diet are eating patterns associated with reduced _____ incidence
hypertension
Stroke
Diabetes
Osteoporosis
Osteoarthritis
stroke
A major contributor to hypertension is ____ intake
Vitamin E
Protein
Fiber
Salt
Sugar
salt
What is the leading cause of death in the US?
Heart disease
Cancer
Accidents
Diabetes
Stroke
heart disease
People with obesity are recommended to lose ___-___% of their initial body weight
5-10
Athletes should consume a meal high in ____ and low in ____ 4-5 hours before an athletic event
carbs; protein
Constant fatigue and frequent illness is indicative of a(n) _____ deficiency
Zinc
Selenium
Iron
Vitamin D
Vitamin A
iron
Which of the following decreases iron absorption?
Milk
Orange juice
Coffee
Tea
Milk, coffee, and tea
milk, coffee, and tea
Which of the following medications can cause constipation?
Opioids
NSAIDs (such as ibuprofen)
Iron supplements
Antacids
All of the above
all of the above
Which of the following aggravate GERD symptoms?
Peppermint
Chocolate
Tomatoes
Kefir & other fermented foods
Carbonated beverages
All of the above
all of the above
BMI is not accurate for which of the following populations?
Dehydrated people
People with edema
Athletes
Older adults
All of the above
all of the above
Which of the following comprise an obesogenic environment?
Food advertisements
Large portion sizes
Technological advances
Fast food
All of the above
all of the above
True/False: menopause increases risk for CVD
true
High blood levels of homocysteine increases risk of
hypertension
Diabetes
Alzheimers
CVD
Obesity
CVD
What diet is the most successful in weight loss maintenance over time?
Atkins
Keto
Mediterranean
Low fat
mediterranean
Processed meat increases the risk of which type of cancer?
Stomach
Colorectal
Breast
Prostate
colorectal
Which ethnic group develops CVD at a lower BMI (25 is cut off) and waist circumference?
African Americans
Whites
Native americans
Asians
asians
True/False: Body fatness increases risk of breast cancer after menopause, but is protective before menopause
true
What is the PA recommendation for adults?
General recommendation (mod. intensity) ____
For weight loss_____
Vigorous intensity
150min/wk
300min/wk
75min/wk
What is considered the hunger hormone?
Leptin
PYY
Insulin
Ghrelin
ghrelin
Which hormones are responsible for satiety?
Ghrelin and leptin
Insulin and ghrelin
Leptin and PYY
PYY and serotonin
leptin and PYY
Orlistat is a weight loss medication, it increases the need for ____
Water soluble vitamins
Fat soluble vitamins
fat soluble vitamins
RDA for vitamin D is ____IU for adults and _____IU for older adults
400, 600
600, 600
600, 800
400, 800
600; 800
Body image issues are least prevalent in what stage of adolescence
Early adolescence
Middle adolescence
Late adolescence
late adolescence
Older adults should consume, at minimum, ____kcal and _____mL fluids
1500, 1500
1200, 1500
1600, 1500
1800, 1600
1600; 1500
True/False: Food advertisements do not affect kids food intake because they have an innate ability to choose healthy foods
false
True/False: it is recommended that women do not lose weight in pregnancy, even if they have gestational diabetes
true
Which vitamin has a role in immune system function by helping with the cell differentiation of white blood cells?
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Vitamin A
vitamin A
Overweight adolescents have a BMI-for-age between the ___ and ____ percentiles
85th and 94th
