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NH WSET diploma Unit 2 > NH - Unit 2 - Vineyard Establishment - Trellis systems > Flashcards

NH - Unit 2 - Vineyard Establishment - Trellis systems Flashcards

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1
Q

How were vines planted before and after the phylloxera epidemic?

A

before

  • very close together
  • random arrangement
  • untrellised or trellised on individual stakes
  • worked by hand

after

  • straight lines toe enable cultivation using animals and subsequently tractors
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2
Q

What is a trellis?

A
  • a physical structure consisting of posts and wires that largely supports the grapevine framework (canes, shoots, folliage)
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3
Q

When choosing a trellis system for a particular site which are the factors to consider?

A

-legislation

controlled in PDO regulations

-geographical features of the site

topography, wind exposure, rainfall, temperature, frost risk, soil fertility

-effectiveness of light interception

total canopy surface / ha

-cost and time of establishment

posts, wire, plants

-cost and time of maintenance

pruning, shoot positioning

-mechanisation potential

spraying, harvest, pruning

-popularity and attractiveness

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4
Q

Why would vineyard managers use several trellis systems within one vineyard?

A

For instance, at the bottom of a slope, a higher trellis may be used to reduce frost risk

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5
Q

Other names for untrellised vines?

A

Bush or free-standing vine

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6
Q

Common locations for untrellised vines?

A

Still common in southern Europe

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7
Q

How is un untrellised vine trained?

A

The vine trunk is trained short, no trellis

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8
Q

How are untrellised vine pruned?

A

usually spur-pruned => bush vines or gobelets

can be cane-pruned by tying the canes together to form a “basket” => Santorini, Greece

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9
Q

What are the advantages of untellised vines?

A
  • least expensive way of growing a vine
  • foliage can offer some bunch shade in warmer Mediterranean climate
  • canopy management costs are relatively low
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10
Q

What are the drawbacks of untellised vines?

A
  • low yields due to the low planting density
  • un-trellissed vines have been found to be more prone to disease due to less air circulation through canopy
  • vineyards operations & harvest must be done by manually
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11
Q

What are staked vines?

A

The vines are tied to a post (often wood) (driven into the ground next to the vine) for support.

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12
Q

How are staked vines trained / pruned?

A
  • In a crown (head) 20 - 30 cm above the ground and 2 - 4 canes are fixed to the stake
  • spur-pruned, without a distinct crown, with the bearers radiating from the trunk in a circular shape
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13
Q

What are the advantages of stake vines compared to bush vines?

A
  • Can be trained higher than bush vines (simplifies vineyard operations)
  • Canopy can be positioned to allow greater air circulation which reduces disease risk
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14
Q

What are the drawbacks of stake vines?

A

Low density planting

Lower yield potential

Not suitable to high vigour site

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15
Q

Common locations for staked vines?

A
  • Côte Rôtie, Southern France
  • Spain
  • Portugal
  • Italy
  • California
  • South Africa
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16
Q

What is the advantage of the simple wire system over bush vines?

A
  • forming a continuous row of foliage
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17
Q

What is the general advantage of the single wire system?

A
  • relatively inexpensive to install and train
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18
Q

How are single wired vines trained / pruned?

A
  • cordon-trained and spur pruned
    • trunk usually divided 15 cm bellow the wire
    • permanent horizontal cordon established
  • head trained and cane pruned
    • crown established below the wire
    • up to 4 canes of 10 to 15 nodes fixed or wrapped along the wire
    • 2 to 4 2-node replacement spurs
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19
Q

What is the main drawback of the single wire trellis system?

How is it solved?

A
  • new shoots often hang down
    • offering no protection to the fruit from sunburn
  • solved by : designing multiple wire trellis systems which have a foliage wire to train the shoots upwards.
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20
Q

Common locations for two-wire vertical?

A

widely used troughout the world

widely adopted in California in mid 80ies => Califoria sprawl

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21
Q

Decribe two-wire vertical

A
  • A single fruiting wire
  • above this a single foliage wire 0,3 - 0,5 m

Can be suited to mechanical pruning and harvesting (depending on the canopy)

High vigour sites => lot of vegetative growth => more wires required

  • to keep foliage of the ground

to aid canopy management operations

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22
Q

Common locations of vertical shoot positioning (VSP) trellis?

A
  • France
  • Germany
  • cooler regions of Australia and New Zealand.
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23
Q

VSP is an example of?

A

non-divided canopy

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24
Q

Where was the VSP adopted?

A

In places where there is a high risk of fungal disease, in order to keep foliage off the ground, and to simplify spraying and trimming operations.

25
Q

Describe VSP trellis?

A
  • Consists of movable foliage wires which enable shoots to be trained into a narrow vertical canopy
26
Q

How are VSP trellis pruned?

A
  • cane-pruned (traditional Guyot)
  • spur pruned on unilateral or bi-lateral cordons
27
Q

Advantages of VSP and its pruning styles?

A
  • all the fruit is in one zone and shoot tips in another
  • simplifies mechanical operations (leaf removal, bunch zone spraying, summer trimming)
  • vines can be harvested by machine
  • can be converted to machine winter pruning
28
Q

Main disadvantage of VSP?

A
  • shoot density is normally high => prone to shade
  • unsuited to high vigour varieties and high vigour sites
    • complex trellis systems have been developed to cope with moderate to high vigour sites.
29
Q

Give examples of vertical, divided trellis

For which sites are they suited?

A
  • Scott-Henry
  • Smart-Dyson

Suited for moderate potential sites

30
Q

Where was the Scott-Henry system developed and trialed?

A
  • developed in Oregon
  • trialed in New Zealand and Australia
31
Q

Describe the Scott-Henry system?

A
  • vertical, divided system
  • two fruiting wires at 1 m and 1,15 m
    • shoots on higher wire are trained up between two movable foliage wires
    • bottom foliage is positioned downwards with (generally) one foliage wire
  • canopy about 2 m tall
  • row spacing needs to be 2 m (to prevent shading)
  • was developed for cane pruning
  • widely adopted (new world) due to suitability for machine harvesting
  • superseded by the Smart-Dyson system
32
Q

Describe the Smart-Dyson system

A
  • vertical, divided system
  • aka Ballerina system
  • cordon trained
  • upward and downward pointing spurs

enables pruning by machine

33
Q

What are the 3 principal advantages of the vertical divided systems over VSP?

A
  • -canopy surface area is increased by about 60%
  • gives the system a higher increased potential for photosynthesis and yields.
  • -shoot density is almost halved
  • canopy is less dense,
  • fruit exposure is increased
  • decrease in disease.
  • -there is a de-vigorating effect as half of shoots are trained downwards.
34
Q

What are the drawbacks of the vertical divided system?

A
  • higher establishment costs
  • greater level of expertise needed
35
Q

Give examples of multi-wired, horizontal systems?

For what soils are they designed?

A
  • Geveva double curtain
  • U- or lyre system
  • overhead pergola system

designed for high vigour soils

36
Q

Describe the Geneva double curtain trellis (GDC)

A
  • a horizontally divided trellis
  • shoots trained downwards.
  • The curtains are supported at the top and are free hanging.
  • Curtains are at least 1 m apart, shoots at least 1 m in length
37
Q

Why was the Geneva double curtain system designed?

A
  • to improve yield & fruit composition in vigorous soil.
  • The divided canopy led to a reduction in shading
  • the downward pointing shoots meant that the basal buds & fruit were exposed to greater amount of sunlight.
    • these factors were found to produce higher yields of better quality grapes
38
Q

Explain pruning and harvesting in the Geneva double curtain system :

A
  • spur pruned
  • machine harvesting
39
Q

What is the advantage of the downward shoot positioning of the GDC compared to VSP?

A
  • downward shoot positioning causes desirable shoot devigoration
  • GDC can convert dense, shaded canopies to low density ones, with more than 50 % yield increases obtained compared to VSP.
40
Q

What are the main drawbacks of GDC?

A
  • -expense of the materials
  • the expertise required to train the vines.
41
Q

Common location of GDC?

A
  • AU
  • California
  • some part of Italy
42
Q

Where was the U of Lyre system developed?

A

Fance

43
Q

Where was the U of Lyre system adopted?

A
  • California
  • New Zealand
  • cool regions of Australia, Chili and Uruguay
44
Q

For what sites was the U of Lyre system developed?

A
  • medium to high vigour sites
45
Q

Describe the U of Lyre system?

A
  • a horizontally divided trellis
  • shoots trained upwards in two curtains.
  • shape resembles a lyre
46
Q

Explain pruning and harvesting with the U or Lyre system?

A
  • can be readily machine pre-pruned
  • a French machine harvester has specially been developed for this trellis system
47
Q

What is the disadvantage of the U or Lyre trellis?

A
  • -The centre of “ U” need to be kept open to ensure good leaf and fruit exposure
  • -shoots need to be positioned correctly & continually trimmed.
  • -high cost of construction & maintenance
48
Q

Common locations of Pergola / tendone trellis

A
  • Chile
  • Argentine
  • Italy
    • now more common for table grapes
49
Q

Describe the pergola training system

A
  • trained with trunks about 2 m high
  • a system of wooden frames and cross wires supports the foliage and fruit
  • framework is usualy high enough for tractors to pass underneath
50
Q

Describe pruning in the U or Lyre system

A

either cane or spur pruned

51
Q

Why is the pergola training system limited in use?

A
  • High cost in construction
  • high labour costs to maintain
    *
52
Q

Can a pergola system be used in high vigour sites? explain

A

Yes but

  • canopy needs to be thinned to avoid
    • shading problems
    • increased risk of powdery mildew and botrytis
53
Q

What trellis system is this?

A

U or Lyre trellis

54
Q

What trellis system is this?

A

Geneva double curtain trellis or GDC

55
Q

What trellis system is this?

A

The Scott Henry trellis system

56
Q

What trellis system is this?

A

The Smart - Dyson trellis sytem

57
Q

What trellis system is this?

A

The vertical shoot positioning trellis

58
Q

What trellis system is this?

A

Two wire vertical trellis

NH WSET diploma Unit 2 (9 decks)

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