Newspapers Flashcards
What are Harcup and O’Neill’s news categories?
Name left wing broadsheet newspapers
The guardian (in tabloid size)
The independent
Name left wing tabloid newspapers
The daily mirror
Name a centre broadsheet newspaper
i
Financial times
Name right wing broadsheet newspapers
The times
Daily telegraph
Name right wing tabloid newspapers
The sun
Daily Mail
Daily express
Name conventions of a broadsheet/ quality press
Tidier layout
More copy on front page
Fewer images
Serious/ hard news
Headline have smaller fonts
Some stories are complete on the front page
Headlines usually have words of multiple syllables
Any adverts are for high end products- ABC1 audience
New values- political & worldwide stories
Any celebs tend to be more established or more high brow
Name conventions of a tabloid/ popular press
Cluttered layout
Less copy on the front page
Some have red tops
Headlines have larger fonts
Often comical,less serious- puns, rhymes word play
Soft news agenda
In line with C2DE audience
Usually multi deck headline for the splash
News values- prioritise less serious stories e.g sex, crime, celebs
Headlines often contain words of single syllables
Usually only body text for the splash and a jump line- maybe 2 stories rarely 3
Sensationalises- to cause events to seem more extreme than they are
Puff
Makes something stand out, usually by putting text in a shape
Headline
Story summarised in a few words, each deck is a line
Splash
Lead story on front cover
Subheading
More detail given to the headline
Stand first
Introductory paragraph in an article, in larger or bolder type that summarises the article
Body text/ copy
The main body of the text
Jump line
Tells reader which page to turn to, to continue the story
Stand-alone
A picture story that can exist on its own or on a front page leading to a story inside
Off lead
The secondary story on the front cover
Skyline
Information panes usually at the top of the cover giving information on other stories in the paper
Kicker
More detail given to the headline, usually above the headline, spanning its width
Advert
Usually for a product which would appeal to the demographic profile of the readership
What does free press mean?
We live in a democracy- all opinions can be expressed
Anyone can set up a newspaper
Self regulated
‘ the freedom of the press is rooted in the freedom to publish in a free market’ Curran
What are Frederick s Siebert’s 4 theories of the press?
Authoritarian theory
Libertarian theory
Soviet theory
Social responsibility theory
Outline authoritarian theory
Direct government control of the mass media
Media aren’t allowed to print or broadcast anything which could undermine the established authority; any offence to the existing political values avoided
Government may punish anyone who questions the states ideology
Government is infallible/ doesn’t make mistakes
Media professionals aren’t allowed to have any independence within the media organisation
All imported media products are controlled by the state
Outline libertarian theory
Rests on the idea that the individual should be free to publish whatever they like
Attacks on the government policies are fully accepted and even encouraged
No restrictions on import or export of media messages across the national frontiers
Journalists and media professionals have full autonomy within the media organisation
Outline Soviet theory
Closely tied to communist ideology
Media organisations in the system aren’t intended to be privately owned and are to serve the interests of the working class
Both the Soviet and the authoritarian acknowledge the government are superior to the media institutions
The mass media in the Soviet model are expected to be self-regulatory with regard to the content of their messages
The Soviet theory differs from the authoritarian theory in that the media organisations have a certain responsibility to meet the wishes of their audience
Outline social responsibility theory
Media has certain obligations to society
“Informativeness, truth, accuracy, objectivity and balance “
Media as a whole is pluralised, indicating “a reflection of the diversity of society, as well as access to various points of view “
Provides an entrance to different mass media for minority groups
Journalist is accountable to his audience as well as to the government
Outline the history of press freedom
18th century American revolution
“Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise there of; or abridging of freedom of speech or of the press (first amend)
After American and French revolutions, English writers argued, more full press, freedom
Freedom of expression - Human Rights Act 1998
Outline the Leveson enquiry
Millie Dowler
13 years old
Abducted 21st march 2002
Body discovered 18th September 2002
23rd June 2011, Levi Bellfield found guilty
4th July 2011- The Guardian reports that Dowler’s phone had been accessed by News of the World journalists
This became known as the Phone Hacking Scandal and unearthed many others who had their phones tampered with
What do we need to balance in regards to press freedom?
The need for press freedom
- to hold those in power to account
The need for individual rights/ freedom
- those in power should have the right to a private life
Describe Lord Leveson’s recommendations
Newspapers should continue to be self regulated- and the government should have no power over what they publish
There had to be a new press standards body created by the industry, with a new code of conduct
That body should be backed by legislation, which would create a means to ensure the regulation was independent and effective
The arrangement would provide the public with confidence that their complaints would be seriously dealt with- and ensure the press are protected from interference
Define free market capitalism
The press are able to print free from government interference
Free press is essential in a democratic society
Article 10 of the Human Rights Act means that free speech is a right given to everybody, including the press
Free speech and democracy means that the press is self regulated
What did frost do?
Compares news today with the 1960s
- far less international news today
- far fewer stories about politics today
- less about industry today
- more gossip, sport, celebrity and entertainment today
Journalist are governed by the need to sell copy
“ don’t let the facts get in the way of a good story”
What did Aristotle say?
Life is about the pursuit of happiness
The sole purpose of life is to be happy
Happiness is the ‘golden mean’
Everything in moderation
Don’t live to excess
Problem: his thinking is too idealistic
What did Kant say?
Deontologist- concerned with duty ethics
The idea that duty is to deny self and follow obligation
Identified 3 imperatives (actions):
1. Technical imperative
- the idea that you need to be skilful at your job
2. Hypothetical imperatives
- those actions that it would be sensible to take
3. Categorical imperatives
- absolute duties
- moral actions
- if a person determines it a categorical imperative not to lie, then you should never lie
Also believed that intentions are more important than the act itself
Actions are morally justifiable if they are acted out of duty rather than self interest
What did Ross say?
Deontologist- ethics of sticking to rules and obligations
Believed we are all bound by our own words and acts
I.e: if you do wrong you are duty bound to put it right to the best of your ability
If someone does you a good turn, you are duty bound to return the favour
Four theories:
1. Beneficience
- our duty to improve the lives of others
2. Justice
- our duty to see that people get what they deserve- both pleasure and punishment
3. Self improvement
- our duty to improve ourselves- intellectually and emotionally
4. Non injury
- our duty not to cause harm to others
Why is Ross an important figure in journalism?
Recommended self regulation of the press
Press council was set up in 1953
Who are the two press regulators?
IPSO
IMPRESS
Who is IPSO?
The independent press standards organisation
What newspapers do IPSO regulate?
The sun
The daily telegraph
The Sunday telegraph
Daily mirror
Daily Mail
Mail on Sunday
The times
The Sunday times
Daily star
Daily star Sunday
Metro
The i
How is IPSO funded?
Financed by the Regulatory Funding Company (RFC)
Which is funded by member publications. IPSO carries out its work separately and completely independently from its members
Who is IMPRESS?
The independent monitor for the press
Does impress regulate any national newspapers?
No, has 115 publications signed up but 0 national papers regulated by them
How is IMPRESS funded?
By the independent press regulation trust ( IPRT)- a charity and by regulatory fees paid by publishers
Name some self regulated newspapers
The Independent
the Guardian
the observer
the financial Times
What drives the news in the UK?
Politics
Economy
Public interest
Celebrities
What drives the daily mail?
Profits
What drives the guardian?
Reinvesting income into journalism
What drives social media news?
Click bait
Advertising
Shocking others
Informing others
Propaganda
Raising their profile
How do the guardian make money?
Print subscriptions- £12.99 per month
Cover price- £2.50
Patrons programme
Donations
Events
Masterclasses
Advertising
How do the daily Mail make money?
Cover price - 65p
Advertising online and in print
Daily Mail+ £10.99 per month
DMGT:
- venture capitalists ( invest in other businesses)
- events and exhibitions
- property investment
What type of culture does the Guardian develop?
Donation based
What type of culture does the Daily Mail develop?
Slightly more downmarket with click bait stories
Which newspapers does News Corporation own?
The sun
The times
Which newspapers does Daily Mail & General Trust own?
Daily mail
i
Which newspapers does Reach plc own?
Daily express
Daily star
Daily mirror
Which newspaper does press holdings own?
Daily telegraph
Which newspapers does guardian media group/Scott trust own?
The Guardian
The observer
Apply Curran an Weston’s theory to the guardian
The Guardian refuse to put up a pay wall, but instead call for supporters to fund quality journalism
Define news values
General guidelines or criteria used by media outlets, such as newspapers, or broadcast media, to determine how much prominence to give to a story
Define news agenda
When media industries decide which issues are important
Define newsworthy
The story is newsworthy, if it is interesting for the readership
Define freedom of the press
The right to publish information, thoughts and opinions without restraint or censorship
Define freedom of speech
Freedom to hold opinions without interference
Define deregulation
Process in which a government removes controls and rules about how newspapers are owned and controlled
Define self regulation
The media creates or develops self regulation mechanisms that are independent from government control
Define public interest
Media that serves the interests of the public
Define partisan press
Newspapers that openly support a political party, and whose news in particular follows the party line
Define quality press
Distinguished by their seriousness
Define red top
A tabloid newspaper considered to have lower journalistic standards than broadsheets
Who is the editor of the daily mail?
Ted Verity
Who is the editor of the Guardian?
Katharine Viner
Outline history of the Daily Mail
First published: 4th may 1896
Cost: a halfpenny
Outline history of the Guardian
Founded in 1821
Used to be called the Manchester Guardian
Who owns the Daily Mail?
Daily Mail and General Trust
What type of newspaper is the daily mail?
Tabloid
Middle market
Published daily
What’s the circulation of the Daily Mail?
990106
Highest circulated daily newspaper
What is the daily mails political orientation?
Right wing
Conservative Party
Likely to be more traditional and unwilling for change
Apply gerbners theory to the daily Mail
Tries to change the readers views on topics to fit that ideologies, e.g. negative towards immigrants
What is a strength of mailonline?
Audience has expanded to other countries which helps to globalise the brand
Who is the chairman of the daily Mail?
Jonathon Harmsworth, 4th viscount Rothermere whose grandfather was co founder
What is the readership of the daily Mail?
Average age 58
Gender- majority female 52-55%
Demographic - 1.4 million ABC1
- 0.7 million C2DE
Who regulates the daily Mail?
IPSO
What has the Daily Mail been criticised for?
Unreliability, sensationalism, and inaccurate scare stories
Who owns the Guardian?
Scott Truss Ltd/guardian media group
What genre of newspaper is the guardian?
Broadsheet compact (broadsheet quality, tabloid format)
Published daily
What is the daily circulation of the Guardian?
111953
What political orientation is the Guardian?
Centre left
Labour party
What is the economic context of the Guardian?
Profits are reinvested into journalism
