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BIPN 152 > Newest Material > Flashcards

Newest Material Flashcards

1
Q

what are neuropsychiatric disorders (what 3 things do they affect)

A

they are disorders of affect, cognition, and behavior

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2
Q

affect

A

observable signs of emotional state

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3
Q

cognition

A

thinking, remembering, reasoning

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4
Q

behavior

A

external reactions to the environment

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5
Q

both the ____ + the _____ contribute to neuropsychiatric disorders

A

genes, environment

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6
Q

currently, the most effective treatment for all neuropsychology disorders involves a combination of what two things?

A

medications and psychotherapy

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7
Q

schizophrenia is a _______ mental disorder

A

chronic

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8
Q

what are the behavioral hallmarks of SCZ?

A

hallucinations, disordered thinking, a lack of motivation

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9
Q

SCZ manifests when?

A

in early adulthood

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10
Q

SCZ has a ____ prevalence, affecting ___% of the population

A

high, 0.5

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11
Q

SCZ has a strong _______ component

A

genetic

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12
Q

multiple genes contribute small but _______ risks to SCZ

A

additive

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13
Q

what are the positive Sx of SCZ

A

psychosis, or the failure to distinguish between real/unreal experiences

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14
Q

what are the negative Sx of SCZ

A

catatonia, or the decreased ability to plan, speak, move, and find pleasure

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15
Q

SCZ also leads to _______ cognition

A

impaired

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16
Q

T/F: the key pathological features of SCZ are NOT unique to SCZ

A

TRUE

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17
Q

what is a typical antipsychotic

A
  • first gen
  • blocks DA receptors
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18
Q

what is an atypical antipsychotic

A
  • second gen
  • blocks DA AND serotonin receptors
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19
Q

DA receptors are all _________

A

metabotropic

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20
Q

the _________ ___________ is the master controller for higher cognitive functions

A

prefrontal cortex

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21
Q

what cognitive functions does the prefrontal cortex control

A

emotional responses, attention, and behavior/judgement

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22
Q

the prefrontal cortex receives input from the ___

A

VTA

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23
Q

how is the MESOLIMBIC pathway affected by SCZ

A

increase in DA which contributes to positive symptoms (psychosis)

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24
Q

what is the mesolimbic pathway

A

VTA -> Nucleus Accumbens

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25
Q

how is the MESOCORTICAL pathway affected by SCZ?

A

decrease in DA contributes to negative, cognitive, and affective Sx.

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26
Q

what is the mesocortical pathway

A

VTA -> prefrontal cortex

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27
Q

the _____ ______ is involved in motivation (reward-seeking)

A

Nucleus Accumbens

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28
Q

what is the dopamine hypothesis of SCZ?

A

in SCZ, increase of dopamine leads to the assignment of ‘labels’ or salience (importance) to irrelevant/insignificant thoughts and events, creating a psychotic state

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29
Q

_______ aka ‘angel dust’ and other NMDA antagonists at high doses can induce psychotic symptoms

A

PCP

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30
Q

_____ _________ ________________ _____________ results in psychotic symptoms and cognitive impairment

A

NMDA Receptor Autoimmune Encephalitis

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31
Q

the 5HT2A receptor blockade is a key factor in the mechanism of action of _______ and other atypical antipsychotics

A

clozapine

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32
Q

the _________ system plays a critical role in mood disorders like anxiety and depression

A

serotonin

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33
Q

___________ _____________ measures sensorimotor gating

A

prepulse inhibition

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34
Q

a prepulse before a pulse ________ startle response

A

decreases

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35
Q

T/F: SCZ patients are usually impaired in PPI

A

TRUE

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35
Q

what does the 3-chamber sociability test measure?

A
  • social preference (talking to strangers)
  • social recognition (remembering strangers)
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36
Q

T/F: SCZ and ASD patients are impaired in social motivation and cognition

A

TRUE

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37
Q

what three things characterize BD?

A

manic, depressive, and hypomanic episodes

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38
Q

what is the first-line treatment for BD? What do they do?

A

lithium salts. reduces manic episodes and mood swings

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39
Q

GSK3 (a _______ _______) is a potential target of lithium salts

A

protein kinase

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40
Q

GSK3 itself is regulated by ______________

A

phosphorylation

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41
Q

MDD, PTSD, and substance abuse are all closely related and thought of as _____________ disorders.

A

internalizing

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42
Q

what are internalizing disorders characterized by?

A

debilitating experiences of persistent negative thoughts

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43
Q

serotonin is synthesized in two steps from ________________

A

tryptophan

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44
Q

serotonin is taken up across the plasma membrane by what?

A

specific serotonin transporters

45
Q

serotonin projects from the _________ nucleus in the __________

A

Raphe, Brainstem

46
Q

T/F: depressive disorders are highly treatable

A

TRUE

47
Q

MAO inhibitors are older drugs used to treat….

A

anxiety and depression

48
Q

anxiety

A

causes more than temporary worry or fear. it doesn’t go away

49
Q

generalized AD

A

excessive anxiety/worry for months

50
Q

panic disorder

A

recurrent, unexpected panic attacks

51
Q

social anxiety disorder

A

“social phobia”. ppl expect to feel embarrassed, judged, rejected, and are fearful of offending others

52
Q

anxiety treatments

A

psychotherapy, medications (SSRI’S), benzodiazepines

53
Q

how do benzodiazepines work

A

they enhance GABA-A receptor function (more chloride entry), hyperpolarization

54
Q

the most common neuropsychiatric disorders have strong genetic component and may have origins in early ____ development

A

CNS

55
Q

neuropsychiatric disorders have distinct disease origins. what is the evidence?

A

different pharmaceutical treatments are effective in different classes of diseases.

56
Q

ASD and SCZ share the same molecular pathways but are different disorders. what’s the evidence

A

when and where certain genes are expressed during development are the same

57
Q

addictions arise when drug habits become reinforced by enhancing brain circuits involving what?

A

the brain’s reward system

58
Q

reinforcement of the brain’s reward pathways occur from what?

A

the brain’s plasticity mechanisms

59
Q

high degree of addiction risk is ________

A

genetic

60
Q

tolerance

A

need more of drug to get high

61
Q

physical dependence

A

without the drug, you feel discomfort

62
Q

psychological dependence

A

without the drug, you don’t feel like yourself

63
Q

withdrawals

A

psychological and physical reactions to absence of drug

64
Q

___________ is the leading cause of drug deaths

A

fentanyl

65
Q

_______ is the active ingredient in opiates

A

morphine

66
Q

________ is a derivative of opiates

A

heroin

67
Q

opioid receptors are ______

A

GPCR’s

68
Q

how do opioids work

A

they depress activity in respiratory control centers in the brainstem.

69
Q

_________ aka Narcan is a potent opioid antagonist

A

naloxone

70
Q

drugs are heavily influenced by dopamine from the ____.

A

VTA

71
Q

what is the opiate hypothesis

A

opiates of abuse enhance ‘reward’ by decreasing the inhibition of DA neurons in the VTA. this makes DA more available, strengthening reward circuitry

72
Q

why does the brain have opiate receptors?

A

endogenous opiates are part of the natural system to decrease pain (analgesia)

73
Q

endogenous opiates

A

neuropeptides like alpha, beta, gamma endorphins, met- and leu- enkephalins, dynorphin

74
Q

exogenous opiates

A

small molecules

75
Q

opiates _______ pain, _______ anxiety, and ______ euphoria

A

reduce, lessen, create

76
Q

nociception

A

perception of noxious stimuli

77
Q

why can pain be considered good

A

it has evolved to help identify dangers

78
Q

why can pain be bad

A

can be chronic

79
Q

acute pain

A

known cause, short, resolution of the underlying cause, self-limited

80
Q

chronic pain

A

unknown cause, persists for 3+ months and after healing, the outcome is pain control not a cure

81
Q

treatment for acute pain

A

interrupting nociceptive signals and finding the underlying cause

82
Q

treatment for chronic pain

A

multidisciplinary approach. should use more than 1 modality

83
Q

pain depends on a lot of factors and is ALWAYS in the _____

A

brain

84
Q

pain relies on _______

A

context

85
Q

pain is perceived in the _____ cortex on the ______________ side

A

sensory, contralateral

86
Q

the perception of pain is often _________ by the brain

A

modulated

87
Q

there is two-way communication between the brain and ____ ____ for pain

A

spinal cord

88
Q

_____________ are sensory neurons with free-nerve endings

A

nociceptors

89
Q

nociceptors are mainly ___________

A

myelinated

90
Q

which nociceptors are fastest (myelinated) and slowest (unmyelinated)

A

A-alpha and C fibers

91
Q

A-delta fibers are myelinated and detect _____________ and _________ pain

A

mechanical, thermal

92
Q

C fibers are unmyelinated and detect ___, _______, and ______ pain

A

mechanical, thermal, chemical

93
Q

A-delta fiber characteristics

A

fast, sharp, well-localized

94
Q

C fiber characteristics

A

slower onset, duller, poorly localized

95
Q

chemical mediators of ____________ can augment pain perception

A

inflammation

96
Q

nociceptive pain

A

visceral damage of somatic/visceral tissue from trauma and inflammation

97
Q

nociceptive pain examples

A

rheumatoid arthritis, gout

98
Q

neuropathic pain

A

related to damage of peripheral/central nerves.. usually chronic

99
Q

neuropathic pain example

A

diabetic peripheral neuropathy

100
Q

sensory hypersensitivity

A

pain without identifiable nerve/tissue damage

101
Q

sensory hypersensitivity example

A

fibromyalgia

102
Q

pain sensitization can occur at the ______ nerve level via ____

A

peripheral, LTP

103
Q

functional neurological disorder

A

problem with how the NS processes pain

104
Q

what are the 4 types of anesthesia

A

general, regional, sedation, local

105
Q

general anesthesia

A

meds making patient sleep before surgery

106
Q

regional anesthesia

A

numbs an area of the body (like epidural)

107
Q

sedation

A

patient is drowsy and relaxed

108
Q

local anesthesia

A

numbs small peripheral area (gums, digits)

109
Q

lidocaine

A

blocks VG Na+ channels

110
Q

propofol

A

enhances GABA-A receptor activity

BIPN 152 (4 decks)

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