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BIPN 152 > Midterm Three > Flashcards

Midterm Three Flashcards

1
Q

what are the hallmarks of Lissencephaly?

A
  • white/grey matter blends together
  • enlarged ventricles
  • smooth cortex
  • patients normally die prenatally
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2
Q

the diencephalon is ______ the cortex

A

beneath

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3
Q

forebrain diverges into

A

telencephalon and diencephalon

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4
Q

telencephalon diverges into

A

cerebrum

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5
Q

diencephalon diverges into

A

diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus)

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6
Q

midbrain diverges into

A

mesencephalon

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7
Q

mesencephalon diverges into

A

midbrain (in brainstem)

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8
Q

hindbrain diverges into

A

metencephalon, myelencephalon

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9
Q

metencephalon diverges into

A

pons, cerebellum

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10
Q

myelencephalon diverges into

A

medulla

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11
Q

caudal neural tube diverges into

A

spinal cord then central canal

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12
Q

embryo development pathway

A

zygote -> blastula -> gastrulation (blastocoel) -> segmentation ->organogenesis

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13
Q

what is a stem cell?

A

self-renewing, differentiates into multiple cell types (pluripotent)

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14
Q

_____ stem cells only produce neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes

A

neural

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15
Q

neural stem cells do NOT produce_______

A

microglia

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16
Q

symmetric division

A

two cells of the same type

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17
Q

asymmetric division

A

two cells of different types

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18
Q

how do cells know to differentiate?

A

from external environmental signalling

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19
Q

cell division is either symmetric or asymmetric depending on what

A

where the mitotic spindle aligns

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20
Q

the nervous system forms from what

A

the ectoderm

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21
Q

melanocytes and the adrenal medulla form from

A

the ectoderm

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22
Q

the neural crest gives rise to

A

PNS neurons

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23
Q

the LAST part of the neural tube to close is the

A

caudal most piece

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24
Q

FAILURE of the spinal cord to close results in

A

spina bifida

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25
Q

what is a key neural progenitor

A

radial glial cells (RGC’s)

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26
Q

stages of cell proliferation

A

proliferative stage, neurogenic stage

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27
Q

proliferative stage

A

lateral expansion of neural tube

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28
Q

neurogenic stage

A

radial (outward) growth and specialization of neural tube

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29
Q

the cortex develops ___-____

A

inside-out

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30
Q

the oldest neurons of the cortex are _____

A

deepest

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31
Q

layer one

A

no neurons, only dendrites

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32
Q

layer two

A

youngest stage neurons

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33
Q

layer six

A

oldest stage neurons. white matter below and thalamic output

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34
Q

neural migration occurs along the

A

RGC

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35
Q

layer 4

A

thalamic input

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36
Q

reelin

A

a mutation resulting in cell death

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37
Q

_____ brains are much thicker and have more cells than ______ brains

A

primate, rodent

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38
Q

neural stem cells keep _____-ing

A

renew

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39
Q

basal radial glial cells (bRGCs)

A

proposed to determine degree of cortical folding

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40
Q

IP

A

intermediate progenitor. differentiates complex cortex

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41
Q

inhibitory interneurons

A

migrate into developing cortex from progenitor zones into ventricles and medial regions of the developing brain

42
Q

zika virus

A

mosquito-borne virus. causes microcephaly in newborns
- cell cycle arrest
- apoptosis of post-mitotic neurons

43
Q

induced pluripotent stem cells

A

a method to reprogram human somatic cells into a stem cell-like state

44
Q

how long does it take for the neural tube to close

A

28 days

45
Q

anencephaly

A

defect in closure of anterior neural tube

46
Q

spina bifida/meningomylocely

A

defect in closure of posterior neural tube

47
Q

the mammalian cortex has __ layers

A

6

48
Q

to form the cortex, neuronal migration occurs from the birthplace near the ______ zone up to the ______ zone

A

ventricular, marginal

49
Q

lissencephaly occurs from what

A

cell migration defects in cortical development

50
Q

LIS1 protein affects __________ which travels retrograde

A

dynein

51
Q

x-linked double cortin

A

results in double cortex. affects more males

52
Q

heterotopia

A

‘out of place’

53
Q

microtubules play a part in

A

cell division, migration, and neurite growth

54
Q

nearly all cortical malforms result in

A

seizure disorders

55
Q

how many unprovoked seizures (separated by 24 hours) must one have to be diagnosed with the disorder

A

2+

56
Q

generalized seizures

A

affect both sides of the brain

57
Q

focal seizures

A

affect 1 area in the brain aka “partial” seizures

58
Q

rare instances of seizures can occur from

A

channelopathies or ion channel imbalance

59
Q

meds targetting ion channels target what in particular

A

GABA-A receptors

60
Q

focal cortical dysplasia

A

clumps of abnormal cells in cortex

61
Q

hemimegaencephaly

A

rare genetic condition in which parts of brain is abnormally larger than the rest

62
Q

what is ASD

A
  • neurodevelopmental disorder
  • deficits in communication/social interactions
  • restricted, repetitive behavior/ interests/ activities
63
Q

why is there now a higher frequency of diagnoses of ASD

A

more awareness of Sx

64
Q

ASD is comorbid with

A

anxiety, OCD, ID, ADHD, aggression, sleep disorders

65
Q

Aspergers

A

mild, very intelligent, discuss favorite topics constantly

66
Q

pervasive developmental disorder (PDD)

A

autism that’s more severe than Asperger’s but not as severe as ASD

67
Q

autistic disorder

A

same Sx as PDD but more severe

68
Q

childhood disintegrative disorder

A

rarest and most severe. children develop normally but then lose all social, cognitive, language skills between ages 2-4. also develop seizures

69
Q

ID

A

intellectual disorder. limitations in intellect before age 22. IQ of 70-75

70
Q

syndromic definition and examples

A

intellect deficits and/or ASD that’s associated with medical and behavioral signs and Sx. ex: Fragile X, Downs

71
Q

non-syndromic

A

intellectual deficits and/or ASD that appear without other abnormalities

72
Q

down syndrome

A

extra chromosome 21. increased risk for other health conditions like ASD, endocrine disorders etc

73
Q

CNV

A

portions of a chromosome that have been deleted or duplicated

74
Q

syndromic forms of ID/ASD are traced to

A

single gene variants or CNV

75
Q

phelan-mcdermid syndrome

A

partial deletion in Cr 22q13 or a mutation in SHANK3 gene

76
Q

ASD is ___% heritable and ___% environmental

A

52, 48

77
Q

what is the most common hereditary cause of ID/ASD

A

fragile X syndrome

78
Q

Fragile X is caused by what mutation

A

FMR1 mutation in the FMRP protein

79
Q

what is the criteria for designating a compound as a “neurotransmitter”

A
  1. present in nerve terminals
  2. released upon depolarization
  3. acts on a target cell via ligand activations
80
Q

dopamine is a type of _______

A

catecholamine

81
Q

hallmarks of catecholamine synthesis

A
  1. tyrosine hydroxylase is rate limiting step (creates ‘catachol’)
  2. synthesis occurs in cytoplasm of nerve terminals
  3. loaded into syn vesicles by VMAT (vesicular monamine transporter)
82
Q

DA neurons in the _____ _____ project to the striatum and elsewhere

A

substantia nigra

83
Q

N. Accumbens at cortex get DA from

A

VTA

84
Q

all noradrenergic transmission in brain comes from

A

locus coeruleus

85
Q

NE in CNS

A

sleep, arousal, emotional state

86
Q

NE in PNS

A

autonomic activity

87
Q

epinephrine

A

NT but produced in adrenal glands and can be considered a hormone

88
Q

all synaptic vesicles contain

A

ATP

89
Q

___________ is released from neurons and glia but NOT from vesicles

A

adenosine.

90
Q

purinergic receptors respond mainly to

A

ATP

91
Q

how are peptide neurotransmitters synthesized

A

DNA -> mRNA -> protein

92
Q

nitric oxide is produced by

A

NO synthase

93
Q

unconventional NTs/ modulators can serve as

A

retrograde signals

94
Q

two most predominant second messengers

A

cAMP, Ca2+

95
Q

cAMP is made from

A

adenylyl cyclase

96
Q

to stop signaling, cAMP is converted to AMP by which enzyme?

A

phosphodiesterase

97
Q

what is the main target of cAMP

A

PKA

98
Q

Gi receptors ________ protein phosphorylation

A

decrease

99
Q

Gs receptors __________ protein phospphorylation

A

increase

100
Q
A

BIPN 152 (4 decks)

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