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geography - urbanisation &rio > Newcastle > Flashcards

Newcastle Flashcards

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1
Q

history of Walker

A
  • large scale coal mining in 1700s; 10 collieries
  • large shipbuilding industry in Armstrong Wilworth
  • this declined & jobs taken away
  • 1809-1883 home to iron making company Wilson & Bell
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2
Q

average wage in walker

A

£320 per week

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3
Q

give a fact about the education in walker

A

only 45% have 5 GCSE’s

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4
Q

locate walker

A

a residential suburb in the east centre of Newcastle

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5
Q

locate Jesmond

A
  • a residential suburb in tyne and wear

- just north of the centre of Newcastle

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6
Q

history of jesmond

A
  • main commercial area around Osborne & acorn rd which are dominated by shops and cafes
  • 3 conservation areas (Brandling village, south Jesmond Jesmond dene)
  • experiencing studentification (houses many students) which attend Newcastle uni mainly found on Osborne rd so has a lot of student bars
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7
Q

average wages in Jesmond

A
  • £760 per week

- £440 higher than walker

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8
Q

social factors in Jesmond

A
  • life expectancy higher than walker by 9 years
  • 90% have 5 GCSE’s (45% in walker)
  • v low unemployment rates (1%)
  • population of 10000, lower than walker
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9
Q

compare inequalities in housing in walker and Jesmond

A

W: 70% rent from the council
J: 30% rent from the council

W: 25% own their own home
J: 50% own their own home

W: 5% rent from landlord
J: 20% rent from landlord

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10
Q

compare inequalities in education in walker and Jesmond

A

W: 30% have 5 A-Cs
J: 40% have 5 A-Cs

W: 20% have no passes
J: 10% have no passes

W: 45% no qualifications
J: 25% no qualifications

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11
Q

compare inequalities in health in walker and Jesmond

A

W: 10% bad health
J: 5% bad health

W: 40% v. good health
J: 50% v. good health

W: 3% v. bad health
J: 2% v. bad health

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12
Q

compare inequalities in employment in walker and Jesmond

A

W: 35% economically active
J: 50% economically active

W: 10% unemployed
J: 5% unemployed

W: 40% long term unemployed
J: 35% long term unemployed

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13
Q

what is brownfield land

A
  • many industrial buildings that’re no longer in use

- it has buildings which need to be cleared

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14
Q

why is brownfield land a problem

A
  • decreases amount of tourism as its no visually appealing & unused
  • buildings built around the land causing urban sprawl (farmland would be built on)
  • access difficult for builders/ equipment
  • land value decreases
  • air pollution from vehicle emmissions & congestion. air pollution accumulates in 1 area causing health issues for locals & global warming
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15
Q

why is brownfield land a good thing

A
  • boosts the economy by creating jobs and lifting property prices
  • more sustainable (existing land being built on/ no urban sprawl)
  • closer to the CBD for shopping/ job opportunities
  • Cheaper as don’t have to put road access and drainage in
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16
Q

locate Newcastle quayside

A

north& south of the river tyne

runs across the south of the city

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17
Q

why did Newcastle quayside need regeneration

A
  • 110 berth marina was a waterfront wasteland
  • derelict land
  • loss of shipbuilding
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18
Q

what were the features of the regeneration of Newcastle quayside project

A
  • Newcastle business park - west of the city
  • £2 mill supports restaurants/pubs
  • Baltic flour mill
  • sage music centre
  • millennium bridge
  • nightlife (identity)
  • ouseburn (st peter’s basin)
  • £30 mill spent on 156 bed copthorne hotel
  • £14 mill spent on bringing CBD/ technology park to life
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19
Q

what were the impacts of the regeneration of Newcastle quayside project

A
  • social (vibrant nightlife, job creation, tourism)
  • economic (brought derelict inner city land back to productive use, revitalised businesses)
  • environmental (improves environment)
20
Q

what is a greenfield site

A

areas of land, usually agricultural, which are being considered for urban development.

21
Q

advantages of greenfield land

A
  • cheaper (no need to clear up site from previous land uses)
  • on edge of city so land is cheaper & close to major motorways (great transport links)
  • planners/ architects have a blank canvas to work with
22
Q

disadvantages of greenfield land

A
  • encourage urban sprawl (countryside lost to housing estates)
  • loss of biodiversity of area (destroyed habitats for plants/ animals)
  • increased traffic on edge of city
23
Q

what is the great park

A
  • located next to gosforth
  • major housing/commercial development built on greenfield land within the greenbelt (land protected by law from development so needed special permission from government)
  • for this reason, not supported by environmentalists
24
Q

why is there a higher population in London compared with the rest of the UK

A
  • high pay, transport hubs, good education/ unis
  • lots of businesses
  • further south of London, people move out of city as less room so can still travel to work in the centre
  • higher crime rate
  • higher house price bc London has more people so more demand
25
Q

why is there a lower population north of the uk

A
  • Scotland(not many jobs, unemployment, decline in farming bc mountainous land cant be built on)
  • Newcastle (people moved away bc shipbuilding industry declined)
26
Q

case study of mid wales for population (human & physical geog factors)

A
  • human (high levels of unemployment, diff. language, far from large ports for industry)
  • physical (v. mountainous, bad weather coming from Atlantic ocean)
27
Q

case study of birmignham for population (human & physical geog factors)

A
  • human (ethnic/ cultural diversity, many languages spoke, coal shipped cheaply - jobs, good CBD)
  • physical (landlocked, varied wildlife - woodlands. coalfields)
28
Q

describe location of newcaslte

A
  • north east of England
  • 15 miles from the coast (north sea)
  • 50 miles from border of Scotland
29
Q

what makes newcastle a major UK city

A
  • business/industry (shipbuilding industry popular during indst.revolution, Hadrian’s wall, 1st locomotive built there, Gregg’s/Newcastle brown ale)
  • education (11 schools in city, 2 unis - one is top 10 in uk)
  • culture (quayside/Baltic/sage, vibrant nightlife, hosted Olympic football)
  • wealth (£25,000 is avg. salary, £130 is cost for basic utilities, gdp is £13 bill)
30
Q

why is Newcastle internationally influential

A
  • international reputation for unis (Newcastle uni)
  • rep. for sport (great north run, Newcastle united, the falcons - rugby
  • renowned for Newcastle brown ale
31
Q

why is Newcastle nationally influential

A
  • rich historic past (Hadrian’s wall)
  • £13 bill to UKs GDP
  • 2 mill tourists annually
32
Q

name the opportunities of urban change in newcaslte

A
  • cultural mix
  • ## integrated transport
33
Q

describe locations of cultural attraction in Newcastle

A
  • china town (large Chinese community - stowell st includes many Chinese restaurants
  • the ouseburn (quirky pubs/music venues brought businesses i.e seven stories & stepney bank stables)
  • fenham/west road (large south Asian cultures)
34
Q

why did the shipbuilding industry decline in the north of England

A
  • mechanisation of manufacturing
  • government policy changed (some cities support them more than others) & less of a demand
  • outsourcing of industry to NICs - many raw materials imported as they’re cheaper (deindustalisation)
  • dangerous & expensive
  • larger manufacturers taking business away
35
Q

define deindustalisation

A

decline in the output of goods/employment in the manufacturing sector, often with a shift to the service sector

36
Q

define mechanisation

A

starting to use machines to do something that was previously done by hand

37
Q

describe the change btwn 1900-2000 in the manufacturing industry in north of UK & possible impacts

A
  • overall decline (30% in 1950 to 13% in 2000) with the exception of the post-war period
  • impacts (unemployment & loss of income, low money in the region’s economy)
38
Q

describe the change btwn 1900-2000 in the service industry in north of UK & possible impacts

A
  • increased steadily (40% to 75% & rapid increase 1970-90)
  • impacts (more job opportunities but people needed to be re-skilled from manufacturing industry)
39
Q

describe opportunities of changing Newcastle employment

A
  • abundance of ppl in low skilled jobs (NCL: 15.7% in elementary occupations UK: 10.7% )
  • ppl in highest paid/skilled jobs (NCL: 6.5%. UK: 10.5%)
  • this is bc after shipbuilding industry collapsed, we don’t have the skills & had to retrain, behind the rest of UK
40
Q

describe examples of integrated transport in the UK

A
  • tyne & wear metro (links coastal areas i.e tynemouth, western suburbs & airport to CBD & is subsided (cheaper) runs on electricity so no pollution)
  • electric/hybrid buses (operate in city centre. Quaylink electric bus from monument to quayside. low emissions & more sustainable form of electricity)
  • Boris bikes (network of bikes for hire across NCL hired for short periods of time for small cost)
41
Q

name challenges urban change has created in NCL

A
  • ## urban deprivation(inequalities in housing/ education/health/housing)-
42
Q

describe the spiral of decline

A

market declines:

  1. industries close
  2. ppl lose jobs
  3. less money spent in local shops/services
  4. local economy declines
  5. increased business closure/derelict land
  6. poor image puts off new investors
  7. no new investment
  8. START (industries close)
43
Q

name economic impacts of urban deprivation

A
  • loss of income for workers & local shops/services
  • migration (skilled workers leave)
  • rising demand for income support benefits
  • loss of government income tax
44
Q

name environmental impacts of urban deprivation

A
  • derelict land (unaesthetically pleasing)
  • global pollution (environmental issue pushed overseas)
  • areas of polluted land expensive land expensive/ difficult to clean up
  • reduction in noise/air pollution locally (GOOD)
45
Q

name social impacts of urban deprivation

A
  • alcoholism
  • increased levels of crime
  • high unemployment
  • lack of aspiration for children/ future generations

geography - urbanisation &rio (4 decks)

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