Newcastle Flashcards
history of Walker
- large scale coal mining in 1700s; 10 collieries
- large shipbuilding industry in Armstrong Wilworth
- this declined & jobs taken away
- 1809-1883 home to iron making company Wilson & Bell
average wage in walker
£320 per week
give a fact about the education in walker
only 45% have 5 GCSE’s
locate walker
a residential suburb in the east centre of Newcastle
locate Jesmond
- a residential suburb in tyne and wear
- just north of the centre of Newcastle
history of jesmond
- main commercial area around Osborne & acorn rd which are dominated by shops and cafes
- 3 conservation areas (Brandling village, south Jesmond Jesmond dene)
- experiencing studentification (houses many students) which attend Newcastle uni mainly found on Osborne rd so has a lot of student bars
average wages in Jesmond
- £760 per week
- £440 higher than walker
social factors in Jesmond
- life expectancy higher than walker by 9 years
- 90% have 5 GCSE’s (45% in walker)
- v low unemployment rates (1%)
- population of 10000, lower than walker
compare inequalities in housing in walker and Jesmond
W: 70% rent from the council
J: 30% rent from the council
W: 25% own their own home
J: 50% own their own home
W: 5% rent from landlord
J: 20% rent from landlord
compare inequalities in education in walker and Jesmond
W: 30% have 5 A-Cs
J: 40% have 5 A-Cs
W: 20% have no passes
J: 10% have no passes
W: 45% no qualifications
J: 25% no qualifications
compare inequalities in health in walker and Jesmond
W: 10% bad health
J: 5% bad health
W: 40% v. good health
J: 50% v. good health
W: 3% v. bad health
J: 2% v. bad health
compare inequalities in employment in walker and Jesmond
W: 35% economically active
J: 50% economically active
W: 10% unemployed
J: 5% unemployed
W: 40% long term unemployed
J: 35% long term unemployed
what is brownfield land
- many industrial buildings that’re no longer in use
- it has buildings which need to be cleared
why is brownfield land a problem
- decreases amount of tourism as its no visually appealing & unused
- buildings built around the land causing urban sprawl (farmland would be built on)
- access difficult for builders/ equipment
- land value decreases
- air pollution from vehicle emmissions & congestion. air pollution accumulates in 1 area causing health issues for locals & global warming
why is brownfield land a good thing
- boosts the economy by creating jobs and lifting property prices
- more sustainable (existing land being built on/ no urban sprawl)
- closer to the CBD for shopping/ job opportunities
- Cheaper as don’t have to put road access and drainage in
locate Newcastle quayside
north& south of the river tyne
runs across the south of the city
why did Newcastle quayside need regeneration
- 110 berth marina was a waterfront wasteland
- derelict land
- loss of shipbuilding
what were the features of the regeneration of Newcastle quayside project
- Newcastle business park - west of the city
- £2 mill supports restaurants/pubs
- Baltic flour mill
- sage music centre
- millennium bridge
- nightlife (identity)
- ouseburn (st peter’s basin)
- £30 mill spent on 156 bed copthorne hotel
- £14 mill spent on bringing CBD/ technology park to life
what were the impacts of the regeneration of Newcastle quayside project
- social (vibrant nightlife, job creation, tourism)
- economic (brought derelict inner city land back to productive use, revitalised businesses)
- environmental (improves environment)
what is a greenfield site
areas of land, usually agricultural, which are being considered for urban development.
advantages of greenfield land
- cheaper (no need to clear up site from previous land uses)
- on edge of city so land is cheaper & close to major motorways (great transport links)
- planners/ architects have a blank canvas to work with
disadvantages of greenfield land
- encourage urban sprawl (countryside lost to housing estates)
- loss of biodiversity of area (destroyed habitats for plants/ animals)
- increased traffic on edge of city
what is the great park
- located next to gosforth
- major housing/commercial development built on greenfield land within the greenbelt (land protected by law from development so needed special permission from government)
- for this reason, not supported by environmentalists
why is there a higher population in London compared with the rest of the UK
- high pay, transport hubs, good education/ unis
- lots of businesses
- further south of London, people move out of city as less room so can still travel to work in the centre
- higher crime rate
- higher house price bc London has more people so more demand
why is there a lower population north of the uk
- Scotland(not many jobs, unemployment, decline in farming bc mountainous land cant be built on)
- Newcastle (people moved away bc shipbuilding industry declined)
case study of mid wales for population (human & physical geog factors)
- human (high levels of unemployment, diff. language, far from large ports for industry)
- physical (v. mountainous, bad weather coming from Atlantic ocean)
case study of birmignham for population (human & physical geog factors)
- human (ethnic/ cultural diversity, many languages spoke, coal shipped cheaply - jobs, good CBD)
- physical (landlocked, varied wildlife - woodlands. coalfields)
describe location of newcaslte
- north east of England
- 15 miles from the coast (north sea)
- 50 miles from border of Scotland
what makes newcastle a major UK city
- business/industry (shipbuilding industry popular during indst.revolution, Hadrian’s wall, 1st locomotive built there, Gregg’s/Newcastle brown ale)
- education (11 schools in city, 2 unis - one is top 10 in uk)
- culture (quayside/Baltic/sage, vibrant nightlife, hosted Olympic football)
- wealth (£25,000 is avg. salary, £130 is cost for basic utilities, gdp is £13 bill)
why is Newcastle internationally influential
- international reputation for unis (Newcastle uni)
- rep. for sport (great north run, Newcastle united, the falcons - rugby
- renowned for Newcastle brown ale
why is Newcastle nationally influential
- rich historic past (Hadrian’s wall)
- £13 bill to UKs GDP
- 2 mill tourists annually
name the opportunities of urban change in newcaslte
- cultural mix
- ## integrated transport
describe locations of cultural attraction in Newcastle
- china town (large Chinese community - stowell st includes many Chinese restaurants
- the ouseburn (quirky pubs/music venues brought businesses i.e seven stories & stepney bank stables)
- fenham/west road (large south Asian cultures)
why did the shipbuilding industry decline in the north of England
- mechanisation of manufacturing
- government policy changed (some cities support them more than others) & less of a demand
- outsourcing of industry to NICs - many raw materials imported as they’re cheaper (deindustalisation)
- dangerous & expensive
- larger manufacturers taking business away
define deindustalisation
decline in the output of goods/employment in the manufacturing sector, often with a shift to the service sector
define mechanisation
starting to use machines to do something that was previously done by hand
describe the change btwn 1900-2000 in the manufacturing industry in north of UK & possible impacts
- overall decline (30% in 1950 to 13% in 2000) with the exception of the post-war period
- impacts (unemployment & loss of income, low money in the region’s economy)
describe the change btwn 1900-2000 in the service industry in north of UK & possible impacts
- increased steadily (40% to 75% & rapid increase 1970-90)
- impacts (more job opportunities but people needed to be re-skilled from manufacturing industry)
describe opportunities of changing Newcastle employment
- abundance of ppl in low skilled jobs (NCL: 15.7% in elementary occupations UK: 10.7% )
- ppl in highest paid/skilled jobs (NCL: 6.5%. UK: 10.5%)
- this is bc after shipbuilding industry collapsed, we don’t have the skills & had to retrain, behind the rest of UK
describe examples of integrated transport in the UK
- tyne & wear metro (links coastal areas i.e tynemouth, western suburbs & airport to CBD & is subsided (cheaper) runs on electricity so no pollution)
- electric/hybrid buses (operate in city centre. Quaylink electric bus from monument to quayside. low emissions & more sustainable form of electricity)
- Boris bikes (network of bikes for hire across NCL hired for short periods of time for small cost)
name challenges urban change has created in NCL
- ## urban deprivation(inequalities in housing/ education/health/housing)-
describe the spiral of decline
market declines:
- industries close
- ppl lose jobs
- less money spent in local shops/services
- local economy declines
- increased business closure/derelict land
- poor image puts off new investors
- no new investment
- START (industries close)
name economic impacts of urban deprivation
- loss of income for workers & local shops/services
- migration (skilled workers leave)
- rising demand for income support benefits
- loss of government income tax
name environmental impacts of urban deprivation
- derelict land (unaesthetically pleasing)
- global pollution (environmental issue pushed overseas)
- areas of polluted land expensive land expensive/ difficult to clean up
- reduction in noise/air pollution locally (GOOD)
name social impacts of urban deprivation
- alcoholism
- increased levels of crime
- high unemployment
- lack of aspiration for children/ future generations
