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Peds - Growth and Development > Newborns & Toddlers > Flashcards

Newborns & Toddlers Flashcards

1
Q

At what age are babies able to grasp objects? What about Pincer grasp?

A

2-3 months
- 10 months for pincer grasp

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2
Q

At what age are babies able to transfer objects between hands?

A

7 months

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3
Q

At what age are babies able to take objects out of containers

A

11 months

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4
Q

At what age are babies able to stack 2 blocks together?

A

2 blocks - 12 months

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5
Q

At what age do babies develop head control?

A

3 months

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6
Q

At what age do babies roll over?

A

5-6 months

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7
Q

At what age do babies sit alone?

A

7 months

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8
Q

At what age do babies crawl?

A

6-7 months

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9
Q

At what age can babies go from prone to sitting?

A

10 months

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10
Q

At what age can babies walk?

A

With assistance - 11 months
w/o assistance - 12 months

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11
Q

What stage does Erikson place infants (birth-1 yr)?

A

Trust vs. mistrust
- stage of developing trust
- good attachment w/ caregiver can help develop a sense of trust
- consistency in care is important

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12
Q

What stage does Piaget place infants in?

A

Sensorimotor (0-2yrs)
Birth to 1 month = reflexes
1-4 months = primary circular reactions
4-8 months = secondary circular reactions
8-12 months = coordination of reactions

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13
Q

At what age do babies coo and babel?

A

4 months

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14
Q

At what age do babies start saying “mama” and “baba”

A

6 months - they are imitating sounds at this point

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15
Q

At what age do babies understand a hard “no”

A

9 months

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16
Q

How many words should an infant know in 1 year?

A

3-5 words with meaning

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17
Q

What type of play do 3-6 month-olds engage in?

A

solitary play

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18
Q

When do children develop stranger danger?

A

6-8 months

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19
Q

How much weight/height do toddlers gain each year?

A

Weight: 4-6 lbs
Height: 3 inches

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20
Q

At what age do children develop sphincter control? What does this mean for the family?

A

18 - 24 months
- start potty training

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21
Q

At what age can a child throw a ball?

A

18 months

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22
Q

At what age do children learn to run?

A

2.5 years

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23
Q

At what age do children learn to walk upstairs

A

2 years

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24
Q

At what age do children learn to jump?

A

2.5 years

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25
Q

At what stage does Erikson place toddlers

A

Autonomy vs shame and doubt (18 months - 3 years)
- develop a sense of independence and personal control
- they think they can do many things on their own –> negativism (says NO a lot, as a way to develop independence)
- at this stage, important to develop rituals and routines in tasks

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26
Q

What are some developmental tasks of toddlers according to Erikson?

A
  • Have delayed gratification
  • Able to differentiate self from others
  • Toleration of separation
  • Able to control body movements
  • Improved communication
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27
Q

At what stage does Piaget place toddlers

A

Sensorimotor (0-2yr) and preconceptual (2-7) stage

Sensorimotor
- awareness of causal relationships between two events through trial and error
- learn spatial relationships

Preconceptual
- transition from self-satisfying behaviors to socialized relationships
- egocentric speech
- symbolic thinker (play pretend)
- problem solve based on what they see or hear at the moment.

28
Q

How many words should a 2 year old know?

A

at least 300

29
Q

At what age should a child be able to form simple short sentences?

A

3 years

30
Q

How do you manage a temper tantrum?

A
  • stay calm, let the tantrum happen but ENSURE SAFETY
  • develop routines, including naps so that child is less likely to feel tired
  • provide positive reinforcements for good behaviour
31
Q

When should you start cleaning your babies teeth?

A

As soon as they get their first teeth (around 6 months)
- no toothpaste

32
Q

When should you start brushing babies teeth with toothpaste?

A

1 year

33
Q

When should I book a dentist appointment for my baby?

A

When baby gets their first teeth (6 months)

34
Q

When should I start flossing my kids’ teeth?

A

2 years

35
Q

When should I transition my baby to cow’s milk?

A

1 year

36
Q

How much cow’s milk can I give to my toddler?

A

No more than 500mL/day
- 2 bottles a day

37
Q

Can I give my toddler cow’s milk before bed?

A

No, it’s bad for dental health

38
Q

Why is too much cow’s milk bad?

A

The child becomes picky eaters, or they get too full from the milk so they don’t eat other stuff
- high risk for iron deficiency
- fail to meet nutritional requirements

39
Q

What is RSV/Bronchiolitis??
When is it most common?

A

A lower respiratory tract infection that causes obstruction of the small airways.
- common viral infection in the months of November - January

40
Q

How is RSV/bronchiolitis diagnosed? What are the s/s?

A

history. + physical examination
Initial - Rhinorrhea, pharyngitis, Coughing, sneezing, Wheezing, Intermittent fever

With progression - Increased coughing and wheezing, Fever, Tachypnea, retractions, Refusal to nurse or bottle feed, Copious secretions

Severe Illness
- Tachypnea >70 breaths/min, Listlessness, Apneic spells, Poor air exchange; poor breath sounds, Cyanosis

41
Q

What are nursing interventions for RSV/Bronchiolitis?

A

Open/clear airway - positioning, suctioning
Maintain O2 levels - give humidified O2 if needed
Monitor vital signs
Manage fever - give antipyretics
Obtain specimens (blood test, NP swab)
Maintain droplet/contact isolation
Promote hydration - but If RR is at 70 hold feed, iv fluid, or NG tube
Implement comfort measures and promote rest
Educate and involve the family

42
Q

What is AIRVO?

A

Heated high-flow nasal cannula
For moderate to severe brochiolitis call the RT to bring it
○ 1-3 L/kilo (flow rate)
○ Titrate the FiO2

43
Q

What is the priority assessment when a neonate is presenting with a fever?

A

SEPSIS
- use differential dx and complications
- implement nursing interventions

44
Q

What are the common causes of fever in toddlers?

A

Viral infections - Ear and eye infections, Croup

45
Q

What are we concerned about in a neonate experiencing vomiting?

A

Pyloric stenosis - notify HCP, need surgical intervention

46
Q

How and why do we take pre and post-ductal SpO2?

A

Preductal - take on the right hand
Post ductal - take on either leg

Done 24-48 hours post-birth; To rule out congenital heart diseases.
- Post and Pre SpO2 should be equal
- If difference >3%, retake again in 1 hour (up to 3X)
- if unresolved, this is a positive test (notify HCP for further screening).

47
Q

How are congenital heart diseases screened?

A
  • Prenatal US
    • Postnatal physical exam
    • Pre/Post oximetry
48
Q

What is normal head circumference for a newborn?

A

33-35cm

49
Q

What is normal weight of a newborn

A

6-9lbs

50
Q

What is the normal length of a newborn

A

48-53cm

51
Q

Should we be concerned if a baby loses 15% of it’s weight within the first week?

A

YES. Should be no greater than 10%, and the weight should be regained in 10-14 days

52
Q

A mother is worried because her baby is breathing irregularly and regularly has periods of apnea for up to 10 seconds, what do you do?

A

Tell her: newborn breathing is quite irregular (Apnea – up to 10 sec is okay, and after that, they are going to start breathing rapidly to catch up)
- can provide tactile stimulation during periods of apnea.

53
Q

At what age do you expect the anterior and posterior fontanelle to close?

A

Posterior - 6-8 weeks
Anterior - 12-18 months

54
Q

When weighing a baby, what is considered “failure to thrive”

A
  • weighs less than the 3rd percentile on a standard growth chart
  • weighs 20% below the ideal weight for height
  • fall off from established growth curve
55
Q

At what age do babies recognize familiar faces?

A

6 months

56
Q

At what age do babies develop depth perception?

A

7-9 months

57
Q

What is the foramen ovale, and when does it close?

A

Hole between RA –> LA
- once the baby takes a breath, blood flows to the lungs, back to LA
- pressure in the LA > RA = hole closes
- closes soon after birth

58
Q

What is the ductus arteriosus? When does it close?

A

Connection b/w aorta and pulmonary artery
- increased pulmonary blood flow + reduced pulmonary vascular resistance = closure of this hole
- closes 4 days after birth

59
Q

What is a patent ductus arteriosus?

A

DA fails to close, which may indicate CHD

Results in a large amount of oxygenated blood going from the aorta back to the lungs –> puts pressure on the lungs.

S/S - oxygenated blood, backups to lung
- trouble breathing and tachypnea
- tachycardia
- easily tired
- doesn’t want to feed

60
Q

What is the expected total blood volume for a full-term baby?

A

80-85ml/kg - Approx 300mL

61
Q

What are 3 causes of jaundice in infants?

A

Overproduction bilirubin (rapid break down RBC)
- Baby has metabolic condition
- ABO incompatibility, specifically with mothers 2nd baby, at risk for hemolysis
- Extra RBC breakdown accumulate in body

Decreased conjugation at liver lvl
- If the baby is missing enzyme

Impaired excretion
- It needs to go somewhere, urine or feces, if baby not feeding, not much motility going on (gets reabsorbed into system - worse case scenario)

62
Q

How often should I feed my baby?

A

q2-3 hrs (8-12 feedings a day)

63
Q

How is milk properly stored?

A

Fridge - up to 72hrs
Freezer - 1 month
Deep freezer - 6 months
NEVER microwave breastmilk or formula

64
Q

When and how should I start introducing solid foods to my baby?

A

Start at 6 months
- one food at a time
- starting with rice cereals, then vegetables

65
Q

What is the expected UO for a 1 week old baby?

A

200-300 mL/day

UO = ____ mL/kg/hr

66
Q

Describe Meconium and transitional stool

A

1st poop Meconium (sticky and darker)
- Composed of amniotic fluid, intestinal secretions, shed mucosal cells, and possibly blood
- Usually passes first 24 hours

Transitional stool
- Appears by third day after initiation of feeding
- Greenish brown to yellowish brown
- thin and less sticky than meconium and may contain some milk curds

67
Q

Describe milk stools

A

4th day
Breastmilk - Yellow to golden and pasty and odor of sour milk

Formula-fed: Pale yellow to light brown, firm more offensive

Peds - Growth and Development (7 decks)

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