New World Beginnings (Chapter 1) Flashcards
1
Q
Canadian Shield
A
The first part of the North American landmass to emerge above sea-level
2
Q
Incas
A
- Highly advanced South American civilization
- that occupied the Andes Mountains of present-day Peru
- conquered by Spanish forces under Francisco Pizarro (1532)
- developed sophisticated agricultural techniques (terrace farming)
3
Q
Aztecs
A
- Native American empire
- Controlled present-day Mexico until 1521 when they were conquered by Hernan Cortes.
- Maintained control of their empire through a system of trade and tribute
- known for their advances in math and writing
- known for their use of human sacrifices in religious ceremonies.
4
Q
Nation-states
A
A sovereign state whose citizens are relatively homogeneous in language or common decent.
5
Q
Cahokia
A
A Mississippian settlement near present-day St. Louis, home to about 25,000 Native Americans
6
Q
Three-Sister farming
A
- An agricultural system employed by North American Indians (1000 A.D)
- The “three-sisters,” Maize, beans, and squash
- were grown together to maximize yields.
7
Q
Middlemen
A
- In trading systems, dealers who operate between the producers of goods and the merchants who sell to consumers.
- European exploration was driven in large part by a desire to obtain Asian goods without paying heavy tolls to Muslim middlemen
8
Q
Caravel
A
- Small regular vessel with a high deck and three triangular sails.
- They could sail more closely into the wind
- Allowing European sailors to explore the Western shores of Africa, previously impossible due to prevailing winds on the homeward journey.
9
Q
Plantation
A
- Large-scale agricultural enterprise growing commercial crops and usually employing slave labor.
- European settlers established these in Africa, South America, the Caribbean, and the American South.
10
Q
Columbian exchange
A
The transfer of goods, crops, and diseases between New and Old World societies after 1492.
11
Q
Treaty of Tordesillas
A
- Signed by Spain and Portugal dividing the territories of the New World.
- Spain received the bulk of territory in the Americas,
- Portugal got titles to lands in Africa and Asia.
12
Q
Conquistadores
A
- Sixteenth-century Spaniards who fanned out across the Americas from Colorado to Argentina
- eventually conquering the Aztec and Incan empires.
13
Q
Capitalism
A
economic system characterized by private property, generally free trade, and open and accessible markets.
14
Q
Encomienda
A
-Spanish government’s policy to give Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to Christianize them
15
Q
Noche triste
A
- (June 30, 1520) “Sad Night”
- when the Aztecs attacked Cortes and his forces in the Aztec capital, Tenochitlan, killing hundreds.
- Cortes laid siege to the city the following year, causing the fall of the Aztec empire
16
Q
Mestizos
A
People of mixed Indian and European heritage, notably in Mexico.
17
Q
Battle of Acoma
A
- Fought between Spaniards under Don Juan de Oñate and the Pueblo Indians in present-day New Mexico.
- Spaniards brutally crushed the Pueblo peoples and established the territory as New Mexico in 1609
18
Q
Pope’s Rebellion
A
Natives were tired of being forced into a different religion, and launched a rebellion burning down churches and killing priests.
19
Q
Black Legend
A
False notion that Spanish conquerors did little but butcher the Indians and steal their gold in the name of Christ
20
Q
Ferdinand of Aragon
A
- Married Isabella of Castile to form a union for Spain (though they were never politically united).
- They worked together to form a strong infantry army in Spain.
21
Q
Isabella of Castile
A
- Spanish monarch along with her husband Ferdinand of Aragon
- funded Columbus’ voyage across the Atlantic in 1492, (discovery of the West Indies)
22
Q
Christopher Columbus
A
- Genoese explorer who stumbled upon the West Indies in search of a new water route to Asia.
- He made three voyages across the Atlantic
- briefly served as a colonial administrator on the island of Hispaniola
23
Q
Francisco Coronado
A
Spanish explorer who ventured from Western Mexico through present-day Arizona and up to Kansas in search of El Dorado
24
Q
Francisco Pizarro
A
- Spanish conquistador who crushed the Incas in 1532
- founded the city of Lima, Peru
25
Bartolome de Las Casas
- First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico.
- Devoted his life to protecting Native Indians from exploitation.
- New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to force Indians to labor.
26
Hernan Cortes
spanish explorer who conquered the Aztecs in 1519 in what is now Mexico
27
How did North America form?
- Earth's continent used to be one giant mass
- shifting caused mountain ranges to form
- 2 million years ago during the Great Ice Age, glaciers receded and melted, scraping away topsoil creating the great lakes.
28
Effect of the Great Ice Age on populizing the Americas?
- As the sea level dropped, it exposed a land bridge connecting Eurasia with North America in the present-day Bering Sea.
- following migratory herds of game, small bands of nomadic Asian hunters ventured and eventually spread to all parts of America in over 2,000 years
29
Where did Native American tribes go?
Incas= Peru
Mayans= Central America
Aztecs= Mexico
30
What was the staple crop of the Native Americans?
Maize (corn)
31
Effects of corn on the Native Americans?
corn began to transform nomadic hunting bands into settled agricultural villagers.
32
Who was the first to encounter the continent of North America?
- The Scandinavians
- landed near Newfoundland but their governments weren’t looking to expand or settle
- lost the new settlements and America was forgotten about except in song and stories.
33
How did Christian crusaders accidentally discover the New World?
- Looked to expand their beliefs to Asia and eventually acquired a taste for the foreign goods.
- Expense of transporting items from Asia to Europe was so much that they started to look for alternate ways.`
34
Why did Europeans travel to Africa?
- Marco Polo’s travels inspired Europeans to look for cheaper ways to get to desirable goods
- Europeans had invented new ships called caravels
35
Who was the first to travel to Southern Africa?
- The Portuguese
- set up trading posts for gold and slaves
- Slave trading became a big business
36
Vasco De Gama
-Finally reached India
37
Bartolomeu Dias
rounded the southernmost tip of Africa in 1488
38
What led to Christopher Colombus' discovery of the New World?
- The dawn of the Renaissance in 14th century spain nurtured a spirt for adventure
- Christopher Columbus persuaded the Spanish monarchs to give him three tiny ships
- Seeking a new water route to the Indies, he bumped into an enormous land barrier blocking the ocean pathway.
- However, he was sure that he was in the Indies
39
Effect of Christopher Columbus' discovery?
joined the four continents- Europe, Africa and the two Americas
40
Effect of Treaty of Tordesillas
- Lots of explorers then thirsted for riches
- Explorers went forth to discover new things and conquer people both in North and South America.
- The New World gold helped transform the world economy.
41
What did Moctezuma believe about Hernan Cortes?
believed that Cortés was the god Quetzalcoatl.
42
Conviencia
Coexistence of the 3 dominant religions; Judaism, Islam, Christianity during much of the middle ages in the Iberian Peninsula
43
Iberian Penninsula
Spain and Portugal
44
What's the reconquista
Period in which the Christians fought to regain control of their country, which had been invaded in 711 by Muslims
Lasted 800 years
45
Who won? The Muslims or the Christians?
The Christians won and in 1493, they pushed the Moors of Spain
