New World Beginnings (Chapter 1)

Question 1

Canadian Shield

Answer 1

The first part of the North American landmass to emerge above sea-level

Question 2

Incas

Answer 2

• Highly advanced South American civilization
• that occupied the Andes Mountains of present-day Peru
• conquered by Spanish forces under Francisco Pizarro (1532)
• developed sophisticated agricultural techniques (terrace farming)

Question 3

Aztecs

Answer 3

• Native American empire
• Controlled present-day Mexico until 1521 when they were conquered by Hernan Cortes.
• Maintained control of their empire through a system of trade and tribute
• known for their advances in math and writing
• known for their use of human sacrifices in religious ceremonies.

Question 4

Nation-states

Answer 4

A sovereign state whose citizens are relatively homogeneous in language or common decent.

Question 5

Cahokia

Answer 5

A Mississippian settlement near present-day St. Louis, home to about 25,000 Native Americans

Question 6

Three-Sister farming

Answer 6

• An agricultural system employed by North American Indians (1000 A.D)
• The “three-sisters,” Maize, beans, and squash
• were grown together to maximize yields.

Question 7

Middlemen

Answer 7

• In trading systems, dealers who operate between the producers of goods and the merchants who sell to consumers.
• European exploration was driven in large part by a desire to obtain Asian goods without paying heavy tolls to Muslim middlemen

Question 8

Caravel

Answer 8

• Small regular vessel with a high deck and three triangular sails.
• They could sail more closely into the wind
• Allowing European sailors to explore the Western shores of Africa, previously impossible due to prevailing winds on the homeward journey.

Question 9

Plantation

Answer 9

• Large-scale agricultural enterprise growing commercial crops and usually employing slave labor.
• European settlers established these in Africa, South America, the Caribbean, and the American South.

Question 10

Columbian exchange

Answer 10

The transfer of goods, crops, and diseases between New and Old World societies after 1492.

Question 11

Treaty of Tordesillas

Answer 11

• Signed by Spain and Portugal dividing the territories of the New World.
• Spain received the bulk of territory in the Americas,
• Portugal got titles to lands in Africa and Asia.

Question 12

Conquistadores

Answer 12

• Sixteenth-century Spaniards who fanned out across the Americas from Colorado to Argentina
• eventually conquering the Aztec and Incan empires.

Question 13

Capitalism

Answer 13

economic system characterized by private property, generally free trade, and open and accessible markets.

Question 14

Encomienda

Answer 14

-Spanish government’s policy to give Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to Christianize them

Question 15

Noche triste

Answer 15

• (June 30, 1520) “Sad Night”
• when the Aztecs attacked Cortes and his forces in the Aztec capital, Tenochitlan, killing hundreds.
• Cortes laid siege to the city the following year, causing the fall of the Aztec empire

Question 16

Mestizos

Answer 16

People of mixed Indian and European heritage, notably in Mexico.

Question 17

Battle of Acoma

Answer 17

• Fought between Spaniards under Don Juan de Oñate and the Pueblo Indians in present-day New Mexico.
• Spaniards brutally crushed the Pueblo peoples and established the territory as New Mexico in 1609

Question 18

Pope’s Rebellion

Answer 18

Natives were tired of being forced into a different religion, and launched a rebellion burning down churches and killing priests.

Question 19

Black Legend

Answer 19

False notion that Spanish conquerors did little but butcher the Indians and steal their gold in the name of Christ

Question 20

Ferdinand of Aragon

Answer 20

• Married Isabella of Castile to form a union for Spain (though they were never politically united).
• They worked together to form a strong infantry army in Spain.

Question 21

Isabella of Castile

Answer 21

• Spanish monarch along with her husband Ferdinand of Aragon
• funded Columbus’ voyage across the Atlantic in 1492, (discovery of the West Indies)

Question 22

Christopher Columbus

Answer 22

• Genoese explorer who stumbled upon the West Indies in search of a new water route to Asia.
• He made three voyages across the Atlantic
• briefly served as a colonial administrator on the island of Hispaniola

Question 23

Francisco Coronado

Answer 23

Spanish explorer who ventured from Western Mexico through present-day Arizona and up to Kansas in search of El Dorado

Question 24

Francisco Pizarro

Answer 24

• Spanish conquistador who crushed the Incas in 1532

- founded the city of Lima, Peru

Question 25

Bartolome de Las Casas

Answer 25

• First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico.
• Devoted his life to protecting Native Indians from exploitation.
• New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to force Indians to labor.

Question 26

Hernan Cortes

Answer 26

spanish explorer who conquered the Aztecs in 1519 in what is now Mexico

Question 27

How did North America form?

Answer 27

• Earth’s continent used to be one giant mass
• shifting caused mountain ranges to form
• 2 million years ago during the Great Ice Age, glaciers receded and melted, scraping away topsoil creating the great lakes.

Question 28

Effect of the Great Ice Age on populizing the Americas?

Answer 28

• As the sea level dropped, it exposed a land bridge connecting Eurasia with North America in the present-day Bering Sea.
• following migratory herds of game, small bands of nomadic Asian hunters ventured and eventually spread to all parts of America in over 2,000 years

Question 29

Where did Native American tribes go?

Answer 29

Incas= Peru

Mayans= Central America

Aztecs= Mexico

Question 30

What was the staple crop of the Native Americans?

Answer 30

Maize (corn)

Question 31

Effects of corn on the Native Americans?

Answer 31

corn began to transform nomadic hunting bands into settled agricultural villagers.

Question 32

Who was the first to encounter the continent of North America?

Answer 32

• The Scandinavians
• landed near Newfoundland but their governments weren’t looking to expand or settle
• lost the new settlements and America was forgotten about except in song and stories.

Question 33

How did Christian crusaders accidentally discover the New World?

Answer 33

• Looked to expand their beliefs to Asia and eventually acquired a taste for the foreign goods.
• Expense of transporting items from Asia to Europe was so much that they started to look for alternate ways.`

Question 34

Why did Europeans travel to Africa?

Answer 34

• Marco Polo’s travels inspired Europeans to look for cheaper ways to get to desirable goods
• Europeans had invented new ships called caravels

Question 35

Who was the first to travel to Southern Africa?

Answer 35

• The Portuguese
• set up trading posts for gold and slaves
• Slave trading became a big business

Question 36

Vasco De Gama

Answer 36

-Finally reached India

Question 37

Bartolomeu Dias

Answer 37

rounded the southernmost tip of Africa in 1488

Question 38

What led to Christopher Colombus’ discovery of the New World?

Answer 38

• The dawn of the Renaissance in 14th century spain nurtured a spirt for adventure
• Christopher Columbus persuaded the Spanish monarchs to give him three tiny ships
• Seeking a new water route to the Indies, he bumped into an enormous land barrier blocking the ocean pathway.
• However, he was sure that he was in the Indies

Question 39

Effect of Christopher Columbus’ discovery?

Answer 39

joined the four continents- Europe, Africa and the two Americas

Question 40

Effect of Treaty of Tordesillas

Answer 40

• Lots of explorers then thirsted for riches
• Explorers went forth to discover new things and conquer people both in North and South America.
• The New World gold helped transform the world economy.

Question 41

What did Moctezuma believe about Hernan Cortes?

Answer 41

believed that Cortés was the god Quetzalcoatl.

Question 42

Conviencia

Answer 42

Coexistence of the 3 dominant religions; Judaism, Islam, Christianity during much of the middle ages in the Iberian Peninsula

Question 43

Iberian Penninsula

Answer 43

Spain and Portugal

Question 44

What’s the reconquista

Answer 44

Period in which the Christians fought to regain control of their country, which had been invaded in 711 by Muslims

Lasted 800 years

Question 45

Who won? The Muslims or the Christians?

Answer 45

The Christians won and in 1493, they pushed the Moors of Spain