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BIO 211 Test 3 > new test 3 review > Flashcards

new test 3 review Flashcards

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1
Q

What hormone stimulates secretion of gastric acid by the parietal cells of the stomach?

A

Gastrin

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2
Q

What hormone stimulates the digestion of fat and protein by signaling the gallbladder to release bile?

A

Cholecystokinin

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3
Q

What enzyme helps digest and break down proteins in the small intestine?

A

Trypsin

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4
Q

What enzyme in the stomach breaks down proteins into smaller peptides?

A

Pepsin

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5
Q

What glycoprotein (factor) is required for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the intestine?

A

Intrinsic Factor

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6
Q

What group of neurons in the medulla controls the rhythm of breathing?

A

Ventral Respiratory Group

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7
Q

What hemoglobin is bound to carbon dioxide, allowing CO2 transport in the blood?

A

Carbaminohemoglobin

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8
Q

What are enzymes located on the microvilli of the small intestine that aid in final digestion?

A

Brush Border Enzymes

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9
Q

What ions help neutralize stomach acid in the small intestine?

A

Bicarbonate Ions

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10
Q

What hormone stimulates the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate-rich fluid to neutralize acid?

A

Secretin

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11
Q

What substance reduces surface tension in the alveoli, preventing lung collapse?

A

Surfactant

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12
Q

What cells in the digestive tract secrete hormones like gastrin and secretin?

A

Enteroendocrine Cells

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13
Q

What cells in the stomach produce hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor?

A

Parietal Cells

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14
Q

What group of neurons in the pons modulates respiratory rhythm?

A

The Pontine Respiratory Group

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15
Q

What liver cells are involved in digestion and metabolism?

A

Hepatocytes

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16
Q

What cells in the stomach secrete pepsinogen, the precursor to pepsin?

A

Chief Cells

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17
Q

What are folds in the stomach lining that allow for expansion?

A

Rugae

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18
Q

What are folds in the small intestine that increase surface area for nutrient absorption?

A

Circular Folds

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19
Q

? Respiration
Diffusion of gases between blood and lungs

? Respiration
Diffusion of gases between blood and tissues

A

external, internal

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20
Q

? ? coupling is the process that coordinates the lungs and blood vessels to deliver oxygen to the body’s tissues

A

Ventilation-Perfusion Coupling

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21
Q

What principle states that pressure and volume of gas are inversely proportional, meaning that if the volume increases the pressure decreases & if the volume decreases the pressure increases

A

Boyle’s Law

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22
Q

What states that the total pressure is equal to the sum of the all individual gases?

?+?+?=______, so _______ is = to total pressure

A

Dalton’s Law

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23
Q

What principle states that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to its partial pressure?

high solubility = high Partial Pressure
low solubility = low Partial Pressure

A

Henry’s Law

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24
Q

What principle says how lower pH (more acidic) reduces hemoglobin’s oxygen affinity, aiding oxygen release?

A

The Bohr Effect

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25
Q

What states that oxygenated blood can carry less CO2; deoxygenated blood can carry more CO2?

A

The Haldane Effect

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26
Q

What reflex prevents over-inflation of the lungs?

A

The Hering-Breuer Reflex

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27
Q

the ? ? circulation directs blood from parts of the GI tract to the liver for detoxification and processing?

A

Hepatic Portal

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28
Q

which intestine involves water absorption and waste formation?

A

Large Intestine

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29
Q

which intestine involves digestion and nutrient absorption?

A

Small Intestine

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30
Q

oxygen still present in venous blood that can be used when needed

A

Venous Reserve

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31
Q

? ? is the bicarbonate ion concentration in blood buffering that prevents acidosis

A

Alkaline Reserve

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32
Q

What is low CO2 levels in blood (often due to hyperventilation)?

A

Hypocapnia

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33
Q

What is normal, unlabored breathing?

A

Eupnea

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34
Q

What is a temporary cessation of breathing?

A

Apnea

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35
Q

What are elevated CO2 levels in blood, often causing increased breathing rate?

A

Hypercapnia

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36
Q

What is increased depth and rate of breathing, usually in response to exercise?

A

Hyperpnea

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37
Q

What are low oxygen levels in tissues?

A

Hypoxia

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38
Q

surface tension in alveoli is the attraction between ? molecules in alveoli that ? helps reduce?

A

water, surfactant

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39
Q

? is the process involving tongue, pharynx, and esophagus for food intake?

A

Swallowing

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40
Q

deep breaths, inhaler use, or bronchodilators are all methods used to

A

Increase Air Flow

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41
Q

What is the movement of molecules across a membrane using energy?

A

Active Transport

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42
Q

What is the movement of molecules across a membrane without energy use?

A

Passive Transport

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43
Q

? ? ? occurs when CO binds to hemoglobin, blocking oxygen transport?

A

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

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44
Q

nutrient processing involves ?, ?, and storage or use of nutrients by the body

A

digestion, absorption

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45
Q

stomach ? kills pathogens, aids digestion, and activates ?

A

acid, enzymes

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46
Q

lung ? is often due to injury, blockage, or alveolar collapse

A

collapse

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47
Q

What is rapid breathing reducing CO2 levels, possibly leading to dizziness or fainting?

A

Hyperventilation

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48
Q

What begins in the mouth with amylase and continues in the small intestine?

A

Carbohydrate Digestion

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49
Q

What starts in the stomach with pepsin and continues in small intestine?

A

Protein Digestion

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50
Q

What is emulsified by bile and broken down by lipases in small intestine?

A

Lipids

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51
Q

What contains enzymes for digestion and lubricates food for swallowing?

A

Saliva

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52
Q

What is the air remaining in lungs after maximal exhalation?

what is the air remaining in the lungs after exhalation?

A

Residual Volume, Functional Residual Capacity

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53
Q

What is a graph showing hemoglobin saturation at various oxygen levels, influenced by pH and CO2?

A

Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve

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54
Q

What are compounds in bile that emulsify fats, aiding lipid digestion?

A

Bile Salts

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55
Q

What is a system of veins that carries blood from the GI tract to the liver for nutrient processing?

A

Hepatic Portal System

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56
Q

What are proteins that break down food into absorbable molecules?

A

Digestive Enzymes

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57
Q

What chemical directly stimulates the respiratory centers to adjust breathing?

A

CO2

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58
Q

What organ helps neutralize harmful bacteria and viruses ingested with food?

A

Stomach

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59
Q

What can result from swelling, foreign objects, or excess mucus, restricting airflow?

A

Airway Obstruction

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60
Q

What decreases with age, reducing vital capacity and increasing residual volume?

A

Lung Elasticity

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61
Q

What negative pressure in pleural space keeps lungs expanded within pleural cavity?

A

intrapleural pressure

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62
Q

What medications block histamine effects, reducing allergy symptoms, wheezing, and coughing?

A

Antihistamines

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63
Q

What hormones regulates various digestive processes, like gastrin stimulating stomach acid?

A

Digestive Hormones

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64
Q

What regulates blood pH by removing carbonic acid through CO2 exhalation?

?-? balance and ?

A

Acid-Base Balance and Breathing

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65
Q

What type of carb promotes digestive health by aiding regular bowel movements?

A

fiber

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66
Q

which intestine is the site for absorption of most nutrients after digestion?

A

small

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67
Q

What does pulmonary circulation deliver to lungs for oxygenation?

A

blood

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68
Q

What prevents food from entering the airway during swallowing?

A

epiglottis

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69
Q

What moves mucus and trapped particles out of airways to keep them clear?

A

cilia

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70
Q

What is the widening of airways, often induced by sympathetic nervous system to increase airflow?

A

Bronchodilation

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71
Q

the name for high CO2 or low pH condition that increases breathing rate to expel excess CO2?

A

acidosis

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72
Q

What organ produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid?

A

pancreas

73
Q

What vein drains blood from liver, returning it to circulation after nutrient processing?

A

Hepatic Veins

74
Q

What is essential for cellular respiration, generating energy for cells?

A

O2

75
Q

What organ filters blood, removes old red blood cells, and helps fight infections?

A

Spleen

76
Q

What binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells for transport in blood?

A

Oxygen

77
Q

What system helps breakdown food?

bicarbonate neutralizes acid in intestine thereby regulating the ? level in the digestive tract

A

Digestive System ; pH

78
Q

What allows adequate rest for tissue repair and recovery, aiding respiratory function?

A

sleep

79
Q

carbs begin in the ? and end in the ? ?

A

mouth, small intestine

80
Q

for nucleic acids and proteins in the digestive s. they begin and end in the ? and ?

A

stomach, small intestine

81
Q

at higher altitudes rbc count (rises/falls).

at lower altitudes rbc count (rises/falls).

A

rises, falls

82
Q

what conditions the air we breathe?

A

location, weather, climate, seasons

83
Q

? ulcers result from ? acid (HCl) and digestive enzymes, particularly pepsin, eroding the stomach’s ? membranes

A

gastric, hydrochloric, mucous

84
Q

saliva is an enzyme produced where?

A

salivary glands of mouth

85
Q

gastric lipase is an enzyme produced where?

A

stomach

86
Q

lingual lipase is an enzyme produced where?

A

tongue

87
Q

pancreatic amylase and lipase, pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, and nucleases are all enzymes produced in the ? and are released into the ? ?

A

pancreas, small intestine

88
Q

maltase, sucrase, lactase, peptidases, and enteropeptidase are all enzymes produced where?

A

brush borders of small intestines

89
Q

When performing a tracheostomy you would feel for the, ? membrane and the ? rings.

A

cricothyroid, tracheal

90
Q

Bile is produced by the ? and stored in the ?. Bile’s main functions are to help with ? and to remove ? from the body

A

liver, gallbladder, digestion, waste

91
Q

The ? zone of the respiratory system refers to the passageways that air travels through to reach the lungs.

the primary function is to ?, warm, and ? the air before it reaches the gas exchange area in the lungs

A

conduction, filter, humidify

92
Q

The ? zone of the respiratory system is the part of the lungs where gas exchange occurs. ? is transferred to the bloodstream and ? is released into the air we exhale

A

respiratory, O2, CO2

93
Q

Oxygen is unloaded from blood vessels primarily due to a ? in the partial pressure of ? in the surrounding ?

A

decrease, O2, tissues

94
Q

Factors that increase oxygen unloading are increased ? levels, decreased ? (increased acidity), higher ?

A

CO2, pH, temp

95
Q

baroreceptors detect ? changes whereas chemoreceptors detect ? composition changes

A

pressure, chemical

96
Q

? mmHg represents the atmospheric pressure at sea level; ?

A

760, intrapulmonary

97
Q

? pressure is ? mm Hg (? mm Hg)

A

intrapleural, -4, 756

98
Q

During ?, the pressure inside the lungs is typically ? millimeters of mercury (mmHg) or lower

A

inspiration, 758

99
Q

? volume is the amount of air that moves into and out of the lungs with each breath

A

tidal

100
Q

? ? is the maximum amount of air a person can exhale after a full inhalation

A

vital capacity

101
Q

? ? volume (ERV) is the amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal breath

A

expiratory reserve

102
Q

? ? volume (IRV) is the amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal breath

A

inspiratory reserve

103
Q

? ? ? (TLC) is the maximum amount of air that can be held in the lungs after a maximum inhalation

A

total lung capacity

104
Q

The site of gas exchange in the human body is the ? within the lungs

A

alveoli

105
Q

ph of blood
what happens if it decreases?
what happens if it increases?

A

7.35-7.45, acidosis, alkalosis

106
Q

The major arteries that supply blood to the digestive organs are the ? trunk , ? and ? mesenteric, and the ? arteries.

A

celiac, superior, inferior, hepatic

107
Q

There are three means by which CO2 is transported: (1) dissolved ?, (2) conversion to ?, and (3) ? bound to hemoglobin

A

gas, bicarbonate ions, carbamiohemoglobin

108
Q

all enzymes are ? but not all proteins are ?

A

proteins, enzymes

109
Q

A drastic change in ?, ? or chemical environment or chemical ?, denatures enzymes

A

temp, pH, solution

110
Q

The cartilages in the neck, function to support the ?, protect it from ? objects, and enable ? by facilitating the movement of vocal cords

A

airway, foreign, vocalization

111
Q

O2 is crucial for life because it is essential for ? ?, blood ?, and ?

A

cellular respiration, transport, energy

112
Q

When you ascend above sea level, the ? ? ? (less O2 to breathe), which can lead to symptoms like shortness of breath, headache, fatigue, nausea, and dizziness

A

atmospheric pressure decreases

113
Q

when you descend below sea level, the ? ? ?, (more O2), causing no significant body response.

If atmospheric pressure increases significantly it would cause difficulty ? due to increased air resistance, potential damage to the body’s ?

A

atmospheric pressure increases, breathing, tissues

114
Q

?? is the measure of the lung’s ability to stretch and expand in response to changes in pressure

A

lung compliance

115
Q

salivary glands function to help in ?, ?, lubrication and pH balance

A

digestion, protection

116
Q

Tonsils function to aid in ? out germs and they act as a first line of defense against ?

A

filtering, infection

117
Q

If the body does not produce surfactant, ? will collapse with each breath due to high surface tension, making it extremely difficult to breathe and leading to a condition called “? ? Syndrome”

A

alveoli, respiratory distress

118
Q

Bile is released when ?

A

you eat food that contains fat

119
Q

co2 + water = ? acid, which function to helping to maintain a stable ? level

A

carbonic, pH

120
Q

? is a protein found within ?, and its primary function is to transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues

A

oxyhemoglobin, rbc’s

121
Q

? is a form of hemoglobin found primarily in the ?, and its function is to transport oxygen that has been released from the tissues back to the ?

A

deoxyhemoglobin, veins, lungs

122
Q

ensure smooth lung movement during respiration by providing a friction-free surface and maintaining pressure balance between the pleural cavity and lungs is the func of the ?

A

pleura

123
Q

? ? prevents friction and creates surface tension

A

pleural fluid

124
Q

the 4 basic layers the digestive tract in order are:
Mother Sally Makes Sandwiches

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis mucosa, and serosa

125
Q

The primary membrane in the gut is the ? ?, which functions as a selective barrier, allowing for ? absorption while preventing harmful substances like bacteria from entering the bloodstream

A

intestinal mucosa, nutrient

126
Q

When bicarbonate is released, it ? the pH level

A

increases

127
Q

A collapsed lung, also known as ? , occurs when ? enters the ? cavity. this is called a ?

A

atelectasis, air, pleural, pneumothorax

128
Q

Oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) move across membranes to the lungs and cells through a process called ? ?

A

simple diffusion

129
Q

? cells primarily function to secrete antimicrobial proteins and peptides, defend against enteric ? and ? the composition of the gut bacteria

A

paneth, pathogens, regulate

130
Q

? are circular muscles that open and close passages in the body to regulate the ? of substances, such as bile, urine, and feces, through the body

A

sphincters, flow

131
Q

The liver and gallbladder are involved in a circulatory system that includes the ? vein, ? artery, hepatic veins, and ? ducts

A

portal, hepatic, bile

132
Q

Gastrin is secreted by ? cells

A

G

133
Q

The cells that primarily secrete bicarbonate are the ? ? epithelial cells

A

pancreatic ductal

134
Q

Parasympathetic signals and ? stimulate the ? of sigmoid colon and rectum

A

sphincters, contraction

135
Q

conscious control allows ? of external anal sphincter and causes the ? to open
Relaxation of the internal anal sphincter causes the urge to ?

A

relaxation, anus, defecate

136
Q
  1. ?
  2. ?
  3. ?
  4. Swallowing
  5. Stomach
  6. Small Intestine
  7. ? Intestine
  8. ?
A

ingestion, mastication, salivation, large, excretion

137
Q

venous blood pressure ? during exercise and ? at rest

A

increases, decreases

138
Q

The ? nervous system (ENS) primarily functions to control and regulate the movements of the GI tract, including muscle ?, nutrient ?, and local blood flow

A

enteric, contractions, absorption

139
Q

Short nervous reflexes in the enteric nervous system (ENS) are primarily controlled by the ? plexus

A

myenteric

140
Q

The ? ? that lines the bronchi, or airways, in the lungs can constrict, which is called ? and is caused by the release of ?

A

smooth muscle, bronchoconstriction, histamine

141
Q

? release causes Bronchodilation

A

Epinephrine

142
Q

? muscles are involved in moving food thru the body

A

smooth

143
Q

? ? function to shorten the colon wall to create haustra

A

teniae coli

144
Q

? func to absorb dietary fats (?) and fat-soluble vitamins

A

lacteals, lipids

145
Q

? is the primary chemical stimulus that causes us to breathe

A

CO2

146
Q

?, ?, inflammation regulation, and maintaining cellular homeostasis are all funcs of ?

A

vasodilation, neurotransmission, CO (carbon monoxide)

147
Q

? is a series of automatic muscle ? that move food through the ? tract and other tubes in the body

A

peristalsis, contractions, digestive

148
Q

? activates circular muscles in your intestines that contract to move food back and forth

A

segmentation

149
Q

deglutition is ?.
the events in order are:
? phase
?-? phase
?
?

A

swallowing, buccal, pharyngeal-esophageal, Peristalsis, gastroesophageal

150
Q

Incisors: chisel shaped for ?

Canines: fanglike teeth that ? or pierce

Premolars: broad crowns with rounded cusps used to grind or ?

Molars: broad crowns, rounded cusps: best ?

A

cutting, tear, crush, grinders

151
Q

? acts as a shock absorber

A

dentin

152
Q

increased H+ =
decreased H+ =

A

acidity, alkaline

153
Q

The ? oxygen chamber funcs to increase air pressure in the chamber and help the lungs absorb more ?, which is then carried to the body’s tissues helping the body heal and fight ?

A

hyperbaric, O2, infections

154
Q

decreased ph in stomach causes ?, ? and sometimes bacterial overgrowth

A

indigestion, malnutrition

155
Q

good bacteria in gut aids in ?, and ? system

A

digestion, immune

156
Q

Harmful bacteria in the gut can cause ?, inflammation, and other ?issues

A

infections, digestive

157
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine cause the smooth muscles of the airways to ?, leading to ?

A

relax, bronchodilation

158
Q

If the liver is damaged, the synthesis of ? is diminished and so is the liver’s ability to metabolize ? and fats.

A

proteins, carbs

159
Q

what influences pulmonary ventilation?
surface tension, airway resistance, ?, ?

A

atmospheric pressure, lung compliance

160
Q

The ? and the ? muscles are the main muscles used for breathing.

A

diaphragm, intercostal

161
Q

During digestion, your pancreas makes ? that break down sugars, fats, and starches

A

enzymes

162
Q

? increases surface area

A

villi

163
Q

A decrease in gas exchange can be caused by several factors, including: pulmonary ?, airway obstruction, reduced alveolar surface area due to lung diseases like ?, poor blood ? to the lungs, ventilation-perfusion mismatch, ?, and certain medications that depress breathing rate

A

edema, COPD, circulation, smoking

164
Q

An increase in gas exchange is primarily caused by increased ?

A

ventilation

165
Q

The ? ? controls the basic rhythm of respiration

A

medulla oblongata

166
Q

Sound ? causes a sound’s loudness and intensity

A

amplitude

167
Q

The ? of a sound is how high or low it is, and is determined by the frequency of vibration of the sound waves

A

pitch

168
Q

what allows O2 to be removed?

A

breathing

169
Q

type 1 alveolar cells are ? ? ET and function in the process of ? ? due to their large surface area and thin walls.

A

simple squamous, gas exchange

170
Q

type 2 alveolar cells are ? ? ET and function to secrete ?. it also acts indirectly in the process of gas exchange by maintaining ? integrity

Surfactant ↓ ? ? prevents collapse of alveoli during exhalation
Surfactant ↓ ? needed to inflate alveoli during inhalation

A

simple cuboidal, surfactant, alveolar, surface tension, energy

171
Q

alveolar surface tension is the amount of ? required for ?

A

ATP, breathing

172
Q

airway resistance is ?, so if you increase resistance you decrease ? ?. inversely, if you decrease resistance you ? blood flow

A

friction, blood flow, increase

173
Q

↑ Surfactant ? Surface tension (energy)
? effort needed to inflate alveoli
causing ?

A

decrease (2x), no collapse

174
Q

↓ Surfactant ? Surface tension (energy)
? effort needed to inflate alveoli
causing ?

A

increase (2x), collapse

175
Q

processes of respiration:
1. ?
2. ?
3. transport of ? ?
4. ?

A

pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, respiratory gases, internal respiration

176
Q

↑ CO₂ ↑ ? ↓ ?

A

H, pH

177
Q

Arterial oxygen must fall below ? mmHg to stimulate the peripheral chemoreceptors which in turn increase ?

A

60, ventilation

178
Q

Changes in arterial pH occur due to
? retention

A

CO₂

179
Q

98 mmHg:
75 mmHg:
60 mmHg:

A

normal blood oxygen level
low blood oxygen level
hypoxemia (acutely low level)

BIO 211 Test 3 (2 decks)

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