new test 3 review Flashcards
What hormone stimulates secretion of gastric acid by the parietal cells of the stomach?
Gastrin
What hormone stimulates the digestion of fat and protein by signaling the gallbladder to release bile?
Cholecystokinin
What enzyme helps digest and break down proteins in the small intestine?
Trypsin
What enzyme in the stomach breaks down proteins into smaller peptides?
Pepsin
What glycoprotein (factor) is required for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the intestine?
Intrinsic Factor
What group of neurons in the medulla controls the rhythm of breathing?
Ventral Respiratory Group
What hemoglobin is bound to carbon dioxide, allowing CO2 transport in the blood?
Carbaminohemoglobin
What are enzymes located on the microvilli of the small intestine that aid in final digestion?
Brush Border Enzymes
What ions help neutralize stomach acid in the small intestine?
Bicarbonate Ions
What hormone stimulates the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate-rich fluid to neutralize acid?
Secretin
What substance reduces surface tension in the alveoli, preventing lung collapse?
Surfactant
What cells in the digestive tract secrete hormones like gastrin and secretin?
Enteroendocrine Cells
What cells in the stomach produce hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor?
Parietal Cells
What group of neurons in the pons modulates respiratory rhythm?
The Pontine Respiratory Group
What liver cells are involved in digestion and metabolism?
Hepatocytes
What cells in the stomach secrete pepsinogen, the precursor to pepsin?
Chief Cells
What are folds in the stomach lining that allow for expansion?
Rugae
What are folds in the small intestine that increase surface area for nutrient absorption?
Circular Folds
? Respiration
Diffusion of gases between blood and lungs
? Respiration
Diffusion of gases between blood and tissues
external, internal
? ? coupling is the process that coordinates the lungs and blood vessels to deliver oxygen to the body’s tissues
Ventilation-Perfusion Coupling
What principle states that pressure and volume of gas are inversely proportional, meaning that if the volume increases the pressure decreases & if the volume decreases the pressure increases
Boyle’s Law
What states that the total pressure is equal to the sum of the all individual gases?
?+?+?=______, so _______ is = to total pressure
Dalton’s Law
What principle states that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to its partial pressure?
high solubility = high Partial Pressure
low solubility = low Partial Pressure
Henry’s Law
What principle says how lower pH (more acidic) reduces hemoglobin’s oxygen affinity, aiding oxygen release?
The Bohr Effect
What states that oxygenated blood can carry less CO2; deoxygenated blood can carry more CO2?
The Haldane Effect
What reflex prevents over-inflation of the lungs?
The Hering-Breuer Reflex
the ? ? circulation directs blood from parts of the GI tract to the liver for detoxification and processing?
Hepatic Portal
which intestine involves water absorption and waste formation?
Large Intestine
which intestine involves digestion and nutrient absorption?
Small Intestine
oxygen still present in venous blood that can be used when needed
Venous Reserve
? ? is the bicarbonate ion concentration in blood buffering that prevents acidosis
Alkaline Reserve
What is low CO2 levels in blood (often due to hyperventilation)?
Hypocapnia
What is normal, unlabored breathing?
Eupnea
What is a temporary cessation of breathing?
Apnea
What are elevated CO2 levels in blood, often causing increased breathing rate?
Hypercapnia
What is increased depth and rate of breathing, usually in response to exercise?
Hyperpnea
What are low oxygen levels in tissues?
Hypoxia
surface tension in alveoli is the attraction between ? molecules in alveoli that ? helps reduce?
water, surfactant
? is the process involving tongue, pharynx, and esophagus for food intake?
Swallowing
deep breaths, inhaler use, or bronchodilators are all methods used to
Increase Air Flow
What is the movement of molecules across a membrane using energy?
Active Transport
What is the movement of molecules across a membrane without energy use?
Passive Transport
? ? ? occurs when CO binds to hemoglobin, blocking oxygen transport?
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
nutrient processing involves ?, ?, and storage or use of nutrients by the body
digestion, absorption
stomach ? kills pathogens, aids digestion, and activates ?
acid, enzymes
lung ? is often due to injury, blockage, or alveolar collapse
collapse
What is rapid breathing reducing CO2 levels, possibly leading to dizziness or fainting?
Hyperventilation
What begins in the mouth with amylase and continues in the small intestine?
Carbohydrate Digestion
What starts in the stomach with pepsin and continues in small intestine?
Protein Digestion
What is emulsified by bile and broken down by lipases in small intestine?
Lipids
What contains enzymes for digestion and lubricates food for swallowing?
Saliva
What is the air remaining in lungs after maximal exhalation?
what is the air remaining in the lungs after exhalation?
Residual Volume, Functional Residual Capacity
What is a graph showing hemoglobin saturation at various oxygen levels, influenced by pH and CO2?
Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve
What are compounds in bile that emulsify fats, aiding lipid digestion?
Bile Salts
What is a system of veins that carries blood from the GI tract to the liver for nutrient processing?
Hepatic Portal System
What are proteins that break down food into absorbable molecules?
Digestive Enzymes
What chemical directly stimulates the respiratory centers to adjust breathing?
CO2
What organ helps neutralize harmful bacteria and viruses ingested with food?
Stomach
What can result from swelling, foreign objects, or excess mucus, restricting airflow?
Airway Obstruction
What decreases with age, reducing vital capacity and increasing residual volume?
Lung Elasticity
What negative pressure in pleural space keeps lungs expanded within pleural cavity?
intrapleural pressure
What medications block histamine effects, reducing allergy symptoms, wheezing, and coughing?
Antihistamines
What hormones regulates various digestive processes, like gastrin stimulating stomach acid?
Digestive Hormones
What regulates blood pH by removing carbonic acid through CO2 exhalation?
?-? balance and ?
Acid-Base Balance and Breathing
What type of carb promotes digestive health by aiding regular bowel movements?
fiber
which intestine is the site for absorption of most nutrients after digestion?
small
What does pulmonary circulation deliver to lungs for oxygenation?
blood
What prevents food from entering the airway during swallowing?
epiglottis
What moves mucus and trapped particles out of airways to keep them clear?
cilia
What is the widening of airways, often induced by sympathetic nervous system to increase airflow?
Bronchodilation
the name for high CO2 or low pH condition that increases breathing rate to expel excess CO2?
acidosis
What organ produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid?
pancreas
What vein drains blood from liver, returning it to circulation after nutrient processing?
Hepatic Veins
What is essential for cellular respiration, generating energy for cells?
O2
What organ filters blood, removes old red blood cells, and helps fight infections?
Spleen
What binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells for transport in blood?
Oxygen
What system helps breakdown food?
bicarbonate neutralizes acid in intestine thereby regulating the ? level in the digestive tract
Digestive System ; pH
What allows adequate rest for tissue repair and recovery, aiding respiratory function?
sleep
carbs begin in the ? and end in the ? ?
mouth, small intestine
for nucleic acids and proteins in the digestive s. they begin and end in the ? and ?
stomach, small intestine
at higher altitudes rbc count (rises/falls).
at lower altitudes rbc count (rises/falls).
rises, falls
what conditions the air we breathe?
location, weather, climate, seasons
? ulcers result from ? acid (HCl) and digestive enzymes, particularly pepsin, eroding the stomach’s ? membranes
gastric, hydrochloric, mucous
saliva is an enzyme produced where?
salivary glands of mouth
gastric lipase is an enzyme produced where?
stomach
lingual lipase is an enzyme produced where?
tongue
pancreatic amylase and lipase, pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, and nucleases are all enzymes produced in the ? and are released into the ? ?
pancreas, small intestine
maltase, sucrase, lactase, peptidases, and enteropeptidase are all enzymes produced where?
brush borders of small intestines
When performing a tracheostomy you would feel for the, ? membrane and the ? rings.
cricothyroid, tracheal
Bile is produced by the ? and stored in the ?. Bile’s main functions are to help with ? and to remove ? from the body
liver, gallbladder, digestion, waste
The ? zone of the respiratory system refers to the passageways that air travels through to reach the lungs.
the primary function is to ?, warm, and ? the air before it reaches the gas exchange area in the lungs
conduction, filter, humidify
The ? zone of the respiratory system is the part of the lungs where gas exchange occurs. ? is transferred to the bloodstream and ? is released into the air we exhale
respiratory, O2, CO2
Oxygen is unloaded from blood vessels primarily due to a ? in the partial pressure of ? in the surrounding ?
decrease, O2, tissues
Factors that increase oxygen unloading are increased ? levels, decreased ? (increased acidity), higher ?
CO2, pH, temp
baroreceptors detect ? changes whereas chemoreceptors detect ? composition changes
pressure, chemical
? mmHg represents the atmospheric pressure at sea level; ?
760, intrapulmonary
? pressure is ? mm Hg (? mm Hg)
intrapleural, -4, 756
During ?, the pressure inside the lungs is typically ? millimeters of mercury (mmHg) or lower
inspiration, 758
? volume is the amount of air that moves into and out of the lungs with each breath
tidal
? ? is the maximum amount of air a person can exhale after a full inhalation
vital capacity
? ? volume (ERV) is the amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal breath
expiratory reserve
? ? volume (IRV) is the amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal breath
inspiratory reserve
? ? ? (TLC) is the maximum amount of air that can be held in the lungs after a maximum inhalation
total lung capacity
The site of gas exchange in the human body is the ? within the lungs
alveoli
ph of blood
what happens if it decreases?
what happens if it increases?
7.35-7.45, acidosis, alkalosis
The major arteries that supply blood to the digestive organs are the ? trunk , ? and ? mesenteric, and the ? arteries.
celiac, superior, inferior, hepatic
There are three means by which CO2 is transported: (1) dissolved ?, (2) conversion to ?, and (3) ? bound to hemoglobin
gas, bicarbonate ions, carbamiohemoglobin
all enzymes are ? but not all proteins are ?
proteins, enzymes
A drastic change in ?, ? or chemical environment or chemical ?, denatures enzymes
temp, pH, solution
The cartilages in the neck, function to support the ?, protect it from ? objects, and enable ? by facilitating the movement of vocal cords
airway, foreign, vocalization
O2 is crucial for life because it is essential for ? ?, blood ?, and ?
cellular respiration, transport, energy
When you ascend above sea level, the ? ? ? (less O2 to breathe), which can lead to symptoms like shortness of breath, headache, fatigue, nausea, and dizziness
atmospheric pressure decreases
when you descend below sea level, the ? ? ?, (more O2), causing no significant body response.
If atmospheric pressure increases significantly it would cause difficulty ? due to increased air resistance, potential damage to the body’s ?
atmospheric pressure increases, breathing, tissues
?? is the measure of the lung’s ability to stretch and expand in response to changes in pressure
lung compliance
salivary glands function to help in ?, ?, lubrication and pH balance
digestion, protection
Tonsils function to aid in ? out germs and they act as a first line of defense against ?
filtering, infection
If the body does not produce surfactant, ? will collapse with each breath due to high surface tension, making it extremely difficult to breathe and leading to a condition called “? ? Syndrome”
alveoli, respiratory distress
Bile is released when ?
you eat food that contains fat
co2 + water = ? acid, which function to helping to maintain a stable ? level
carbonic, pH
? is a protein found within ?, and its primary function is to transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues
oxyhemoglobin, rbc’s
? is a form of hemoglobin found primarily in the ?, and its function is to transport oxygen that has been released from the tissues back to the ?
deoxyhemoglobin, veins, lungs
ensure smooth lung movement during respiration by providing a friction-free surface and maintaining pressure balance between the pleural cavity and lungs is the func of the ?
pleura
? ? prevents friction and creates surface tension
pleural fluid
the 4 basic layers the digestive tract in order are:
Mother Sally Makes Sandwiches
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis mucosa, and serosa
The primary membrane in the gut is the ? ?, which functions as a selective barrier, allowing for ? absorption while preventing harmful substances like bacteria from entering the bloodstream
intestinal mucosa, nutrient
When bicarbonate is released, it ? the pH level
increases
A collapsed lung, also known as ? , occurs when ? enters the ? cavity. this is called a ?
atelectasis, air, pleural, pneumothorax
Oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) move across membranes to the lungs and cells through a process called ? ?
simple diffusion
? cells primarily function to secrete antimicrobial proteins and peptides, defend against enteric ? and ? the composition of the gut bacteria
paneth, pathogens, regulate
? are circular muscles that open and close passages in the body to regulate the ? of substances, such as bile, urine, and feces, through the body
sphincters, flow
The liver and gallbladder are involved in a circulatory system that includes the ? vein, ? artery, hepatic veins, and ? ducts
portal, hepatic, bile
Gastrin is secreted by ? cells
G
The cells that primarily secrete bicarbonate are the ? ? epithelial cells
pancreatic ductal
Parasympathetic signals and ? stimulate the ? of sigmoid colon and rectum
sphincters, contraction
conscious control allows ? of external anal sphincter and causes the ? to open
Relaxation of the internal anal sphincter causes the urge to ?
relaxation, anus, defecate
- ?
- ?
- ?
- Swallowing
- Stomach
- Small Intestine
- ? Intestine
- ?
ingestion, mastication, salivation, large, excretion
venous blood pressure ? during exercise and ? at rest
increases, decreases
The ? nervous system (ENS) primarily functions to control and regulate the movements of the GI tract, including muscle ?, nutrient ?, and local blood flow
enteric, contractions, absorption
Short nervous reflexes in the enteric nervous system (ENS) are primarily controlled by the ? plexus
myenteric
The ? ? that lines the bronchi, or airways, in the lungs can constrict, which is called ? and is caused by the release of ?
smooth muscle, bronchoconstriction, histamine
? release causes Bronchodilation
Epinephrine
? muscles are involved in moving food thru the body
smooth
? ? function to shorten the colon wall to create haustra
teniae coli
? func to absorb dietary fats (?) and fat-soluble vitamins
lacteals, lipids
? is the primary chemical stimulus that causes us to breathe
CO2
?, ?, inflammation regulation, and maintaining cellular homeostasis are all funcs of ?
vasodilation, neurotransmission, CO (carbon monoxide)
? is a series of automatic muscle ? that move food through the ? tract and other tubes in the body
peristalsis, contractions, digestive
? activates circular muscles in your intestines that contract to move food back and forth
segmentation
deglutition is ?.
the events in order are:
? phase
?-? phase
?
?
swallowing, buccal, pharyngeal-esophageal, Peristalsis, gastroesophageal
Incisors: chisel shaped for ?
Canines: fanglike teeth that ? or pierce
Premolars: broad crowns with rounded cusps used to grind or ?
Molars: broad crowns, rounded cusps: best ?
cutting, tear, crush, grinders
? acts as a shock absorber
dentin
increased H+ =
decreased H+ =
acidity, alkaline
The ? oxygen chamber funcs to increase air pressure in the chamber and help the lungs absorb more ?, which is then carried to the body’s tissues helping the body heal and fight ?
hyperbaric, O2, infections
decreased ph in stomach causes ?, ? and sometimes bacterial overgrowth
indigestion, malnutrition
good bacteria in gut aids in ?, and ? system
digestion, immune
Harmful bacteria in the gut can cause ?, inflammation, and other ?issues
infections, digestive
Epinephrine and norepinephrine cause the smooth muscles of the airways to ?, leading to ?
relax, bronchodilation
If the liver is damaged, the synthesis of ? is diminished and so is the liver’s ability to metabolize ? and fats.
proteins, carbs
what influences pulmonary ventilation?
surface tension, airway resistance, ?, ?
atmospheric pressure, lung compliance
The ? and the ? muscles are the main muscles used for breathing.
diaphragm, intercostal
During digestion, your pancreas makes ? that break down sugars, fats, and starches
enzymes
? increases surface area
villi
A decrease in gas exchange can be caused by several factors, including: pulmonary ?, airway obstruction, reduced alveolar surface area due to lung diseases like ?, poor blood ? to the lungs, ventilation-perfusion mismatch, ?, and certain medications that depress breathing rate
edema, COPD, circulation, smoking
An increase in gas exchange is primarily caused by increased ?
ventilation
The ? ? controls the basic rhythm of respiration
medulla oblongata
Sound ? causes a sound’s loudness and intensity
amplitude
The ? of a sound is how high or low it is, and is determined by the frequency of vibration of the sound waves
pitch
what allows O2 to be removed?
breathing
type 1 alveolar cells are ? ? ET and function in the process of ? ? due to their large surface area and thin walls.
simple squamous, gas exchange
type 2 alveolar cells are ? ? ET and function to secrete ?. it also acts indirectly in the process of gas exchange by maintaining ? integrity
Surfactant ↓ ? ? prevents collapse of alveoli during exhalation
Surfactant ↓ ? needed to inflate alveoli during inhalation
simple cuboidal, surfactant, alveolar, surface tension, energy
alveolar surface tension is the amount of ? required for ?
ATP, breathing
airway resistance is ?, so if you increase resistance you decrease ? ?. inversely, if you decrease resistance you ? blood flow
friction, blood flow, increase
↑ Surfactant ? Surface tension (energy)
? effort needed to inflate alveoli
causing ?
decrease (2x), no collapse
↓ Surfactant ? Surface tension (energy)
? effort needed to inflate alveoli
causing ?
increase (2x), collapse
processes of respiration:
1. ?
2. ?
3. transport of ? ?
4. ?
pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, respiratory gases, internal respiration
↑ CO₂ ↑ ? ↓ ?
H, pH
Arterial oxygen must fall below ? mmHg to stimulate the peripheral chemoreceptors which in turn increase ?
60, ventilation
Changes in arterial pH occur due to
? retention
CO₂
98 mmHg:
75 mmHg:
60 mmHg:
normal blood oxygen level
low blood oxygen level
hypoxemia (acutely low level)
