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bio 126 final exam > new shit > Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

parts of the vestibular system?

A

2 Movement Receptors in the inner ear

  • Otolith organs
  • Semicircular canals
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2
Q

Otolith organs

A

Provide information about the head relative to the ground and our linear acceleration

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3
Q

Semicircular canals

A

3 loops at right angles from one another

Respond to rotational movements of the head

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4
Q

slow adapting receptors

A

takes a while to respond, but then responds continuously

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5
Q

fast adapting receptors

A

responds rapidly, but quickly stops responding

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6
Q

why does a homunculus have such distorted proportions?

A

body parts developed in proportion to the surface area of the cortical region dedicated to the control of specific functions

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7
Q

what is code for the somatosensory cortex

A

S1

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8
Q

examples of plasticity in the somatosensory cortex

A
  • If you lose a finger, neighboring cortical tissue will take over the cortex that represented that finger
    e. g. amputees will frequently feel their lost appendage if you touch another part of their body
  • If you use a body part more frequently you will develop that cortical region more
    e. g. piano players have larger representations for fingers)
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9
Q

explain why ice packs are affective for pain

A

dull ache: C-fibers

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10
Q

where does the emotional perception of pain occur

A

anterior cingulate cortex

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11
Q

where does the physical perception of pain occur

A

primary somatosensory cortex

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12
Q

why some people can perceive the bitter taste of phenylthiocarbomide (PTC) but others cannot

A

1931: After a spill in his lab, Arthur Fox was unaffected while a colleague complained of the bitter taste
Gene for the PTC receptor has various forms (alleles), some for strong taste, mild taste or no taste
Gene is dominant, so even if you have 1 taster allele and 1 non-taster allele, you’ll be a taster

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13
Q

what is learning

A

a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

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14
Q

examples of habituation

A

reduction in a response to a harmless stimuli

e.g. ignoring the train going by when you live in the dorms

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15
Q

examples of sensitization

A

increase in a response to harmless stimuli

e.g. exaggerated fear response in abused animals

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16
Q

what is the paradigm used to elicit habituation in Aplysia californica?

A

habituation

  • Continually stimulating the siphon activates a sensory neuron
  • Sensory neuron weakly activates motor neuron
  • Motor neuron weakly activates the gill
  • Gill weakly retract
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17
Q

Short-term habituation in Aplysia californica

A

Increased or decreased neurotransmitter release

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18
Q

Long term habituation in Aplysia californica

A

increased or decreased pre-synaptic terminals

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19
Q

Know the UCS, UCR, CS and CR for the classical conditioning paradigm of eyeblink

A
  • Puff of air (UCS) to the eyelid will result in movement (UCR)
  • Pairing puff of air (UCS) with a tone (CS) again and again will result in classical conditioning
  • Now tone alone (CS) will induce nictitating eyelid movement (CR)
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20
Q

the differences between learning in invertebrates

A

Learning is dependent on PRE-synaptic changes

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21
Q

the differences between learning in vertebrates

A

Learning is dependent on POST-synaptic changes

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22
Q

sensory memory’s capacity and longevity

A

large capacity, lasts 1 to 2 seconds

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23
Q

short-term memory’s capacity and longevity

A

small (5-9 items) for capacity, lasts up to 15-18 seconds

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24
Q

long-term memory’s capacity and longevity

A

unlimited capacity, lasts indefinitely

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25
Q

example of semantic memory

A

basic facts and language

e.g. Who is the president?

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26
Q

example of episodic memory

A

episodes from your life

e.g. That time you got stitches

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27
Q

example of procedural memory

A

motor memories

e.g. Riding a bicycle

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28
Q

deficits to learning and memory displayed by patient H.M

A 
Temporal lobe removal
Profound learning and memory deficits
Preserved short-term memory
Preserved long-term memory
Significant anterograde amnesia
Preserved procedural memory
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29
Q

where are semantic memories are stored in the brain?

A

the cortex

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30
Q

where does working (short-term) memory occur in the brain?

A

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex

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31
Q

where does procedural memory (skill-learning or motor memory) occur in the brain?

A

basal ganglia

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32
Q

long-term potentiation (LTP)

A 
-Process to strengthen a synapse 
(This is what memories are made of!)
Dependent on NMDA receptors
Need a lot of activation to open them
Ca2+ coming into the cell, results in changes to the synapse making it stronger and more efficient
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33
Q

What is William James’ theory of emotion?

A

Emotions are the experience of our bodily changes….Emotional experiences result from the physiological arousal that precedes it

34
Q

What are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

35
Q

function of sympathetic nervous system?

A

fight or flight

36
Q

function of parasympathetic nervous system?

A

rest and digest

37
Q

what are Walter Cannon’s primary criticisms of Walter James’ theory of emotion?

A

Severing the viscera from the brain does not eliminate emotions
On the contrary, it exacerbates them

38
Q

What finding was found when researchers observed the facial expressions made by American and Japanese participants watching evocative film clips with or without an audience?

A

idk i think we all have the same ones

39
Q

microexpression

A
  • Brief duration: 1-10 seconds
  • Involuntary muscle action (can’t recapitulate on demand or suppress)
  • Homologous exist in other species
40
Q

where in the brain do microexpressions occur?

A

basal ganglia

41
Q

contrived expression

A

deliberately created

42
Q

where in the brain do contrived expressions occur?

A

motor cortex

43
Q

What is the Facial Feedback Hypothesis?

A

Sensory feedback from our facial expressions impacts our mood
“Fake it, till you make it”

44
Q

What are the outputs of the fear response? What areas of the nervous system are involved?

A

Midbrain nuclei
Freezing (Periaqueductal gray)
Respiratory response (Peribrachial nucleus)
Startle reflex (Nucleus reticular pontis caudalis)
Defecation (Dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus)

45
Q

what is the HPA axis?

A

Paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the H ypothalamus > Anterior Pituitary gland > Adrenal glands

46
Q

What were the studies conducted by Joseph LeDoux?

A

if you lesion the A1, you can’t disrupt fear conditioning, but if you lesion the MGN, you can

47
Q

What are the high and low roads of fear processing?

A

High road is slower, but more refined

Low road is quicker, but less refined

48
Q

what is the default setting for the developing reproductive system?

A

female

49
Q

what is secreted by the testes in the developing male fetus to ensure the promotion of male internal genitalia and the regression of female internal genitalia?

A
  • Testosterone rescues the Wolffian system

- Anti-Mullerian inhibits the Mullerian system

50
Q

arguments against sexual reproduction

A

Only half your genes get passed down
Sexual selection pressures (Requires lots of energy)
Showy displays attracts predators
increased risk of disease

51
Q

r reproductive strategies (Unstable environment,

density independent)

A

small body size, offspring are cheap, many offspring, earlier maturity, short life expectancy, few offspring survive

52
Q

K reproductive strategies (Stable environment,

density dependent)

A

larger body size, offspring are expensive, few offspring, late maturity, long life expectancy, most offspring survive

53
Q

strategies used by males to ensure paternity in species that practice internal fertilization

A

Mate guarding (preventing your mate from mating with others), Copulatory plugs (physically blocks copulation from a competitor), Anti-aphrodisiacs

54
Q

factors that play a role in who we are attracted to

A

timing, proximity, symmetry, novelty (not familiarity)

55
Q

prairie voles approach to mating

A

Monogamous species

Pair-bond for life

56
Q

montane vole approach to mating

A

Polygamous despite 99% genetic similarity

57
Q

What are the different symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Positive
Hallucinations (auditory) & Delusions
Negative
Social withdrawal & Flat affect and speech & Avolition & Catatonic behavior
Cognitive
Poor executive function & Problems with working memory and attention

58
Q

What are some of the reasons we believe schizophrenia to have a genetic component?

A

50% in identical twins, Abnormalities run in families, Multiple genes suspected to play a role

59
Q

What are the biological features of schizophrenia?

A

Enlarged ventricles, Hippocampal differences (smaller, less organized), Hypofrontality, Exaggerated loss of gray matter

60
Q

bipolar disorder

A

Alternating cycles of depression and mania

Unusual shifts in mood, energy and activity levels

61
Q

How is sleep disrupted in depression?

A

Preventing or limiting REM sleep results in significant lessening of depressive symptoms
Most anti-depressants inhibit REM to some extent

62
Q

What treatments are available for depression?

A

-Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
(Prozac, Zoloft)
-Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)
(Effexor, Cymbalta)
-Exercise and Stress Management
-Electroconvulsive shock therapy (EST)
-Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

63
Q

What are the symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorder?

A

Upsetting, irrational, intrusive and recurring thoughts & obsession with cleanliness, order and nagging doubts & Need to carry out repetitive behavior

64
Q

What is the relationship between autism and vaccination?

A

there is none!

65
Q

What are the symptoms of autism?

A

Impaired communication skills, Impaired social skills and empathy, repetitive and stereotyped behaviors, Necessity of routine, Sensory dysfunction, Obsessive, narrow interests, Limited imitation or miming

66
Q

What are the 2 major regions of damage in stroke?

A

-Infarct
No recovery
-Penumbra
Potential recovery

67
Q

how do cells die during a stroke?

A

Lack of oxygen

Excitotoxicity

68
Q

What are the long-term consequences of concussion?

A
  • Post-concussion syndrome
    lack of concentration, Cognitive deficits
    -Chronic TBI
    Slurred speech, Memory impairment, Personality changes, Lack of coordination, Emotional changes, Parkinson-like syndrome
69
Q

What is the difference between malignant and benign tumors?

A

Malignant tumors can metastasize (spread to other parts of the body)

70
Q

What are the 4 different types of seizure?

A 
-Partial
Simple 
Complex 
-Generalized
Grand mal 
Petit mal
71
Q

simple seizure

A

jacksonian march…. seems like it only affects one part of the body

72
Q

complex seizure

A

idk… has to do with the temporal lobe

73
Q

grand mal seizure

A

bad… has a coma

74
Q

petit mal seizure

A

says abscense on the slide… less bad than grand mal

75
Q

what causes Huntington’s disease?

A

Caused by a genetic mutation on chromosome 4

76
Q

ALS

A

Degeneration of the alpha motor neurons

77
Q

Parkinson’s

A

loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra

78
Q

alzheimer’s

A

AB plaques and Neurofibrillary tangles

79
Q

multiple sclorosis

A

attacks the white matter tracts of the brain

80
Q

What is the relationship between environment and memory?

A

certain environments can bring back meories that were lost

bio 126 final exam (2 decks)

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