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bio 126 final exam > cumulative > Flashcards

cumulative Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the role of a neuron?

A

Neurons work in unison with one another to produce functions

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2
Q

role of dendrites/cell body?

A

Receive information from other neurons

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3
Q

what is the post-synaptic site?

A

the dendrites and cell body

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4
Q

what is the pre-synaptic site?

A

axon terminals

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5
Q

what does post-synaptic site mean?

A
  • Receiving end of the synapse

- Contains receptors to bind neurotransmitter

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6
Q

what does pre-synaptic site mean?

A
  • Sending end of the synapse

- Filled with neurotransmitter

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7
Q

what is the role of the axon?

A

to carry the message from the input zone to the output zone

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8
Q

what is the role of the axon terminals?

A

Sends the message on to other cells

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9
Q

what is the threshold of excitation?

A
  • Change in voltage at hillock (depolarization)
  • Change opens voltage-gated Na+ channels
  • Change is around 5m (-70mV to -65 mV)
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10
Q

step one of the action potential

A
  • Voltage-gated Na+ channels open
  • Na+ rushes in
  • Cell rapidly depolarizes
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11
Q

step two of the action potential

A
  • Voltage-gated K+ channels open
  • K+ starts to leave the cell
  • Contributes to the cell hyperpolarizing (Not immediately noticeable because of Na+)
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12
Q

step three of the action potential

A
  • Na+ channels close at Na+ equilibrium (+ 50mV)
  • Cell begins to hyperpolarize
  • Na+ isn’t rushing in
  • Na+/K+ pumps are pushing Na+ out
  • K+ is still leaving via its open channels
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13
Q

step four of the action potential

A
  • K+ channels finally close slowly
  • Cell hyperpolarizes: overshoots the resting potential
  • Eventually cell comes to the resting potential
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14
Q

what is the synapse?

A

Two cells communicate with one another via a chemical messenger

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15
Q

what is the goal of the pre-synaptic cell?

A

get neurotransmitter into the synaptic gap

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16
Q

what is the goal of the post-synaptic cell?

A

cause a ‘yes’ or ‘no’ signal

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17
Q

Glutamate (Glut)

A
  • Major excitatory neurotransmitter
  • MDMA receptors
    - involved in learning and memory
    - Involved in excitotoxicity
    - Can happen in injury or stroke
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18
Q

GABA

A
  • Major inhibitory neurotransmitter

- Contains many binding sites for depressants (Alcohol, Xanax, Barbituates)

19
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A
  • Neurotransmitter of the neuromuscular junction
  • Role in learning and memory
    - Loss of ACh in the basal forebrain is associated with Alzheimer’s disease and dementia
20
Q

Dopamine (DA)

A

-Involved in movement (Basal Ganglia)
-Loss of DA in Parkinson’s disease is associated with movement dysfunction
-Reward and pleasure (Limbic System)
-Increased DA is associated with addiction
Planning and Cognition (Cortex)
-Increased DA is associated with schizophrenia

21
Q

Norepinephrine (NE)

A
  • Involved in arousal and vigilance
  • Involved in emotion
  • Increases in NE associated with the stress response
  • Decreases in NE associated with depression
22
Q

Serotonin (5-HT)

A
  • Involved in sleep, appetite, sexual function, and mood

- Decreased 5-HT is associated with anxiety and depression

23
Q

what structures make up the central nervous system?

A

brain and spinal chord

24
Q

what is the spinal chord?

A
  • ‘Superhighway’
  • Dorsal portion=sensory info (Body to brain)
  • Ventral portion=Motor info (Brain to body)
  • Spinal reflexes can act independently of the brain
25
Q

what is the brain?

A

The Hindbrain
The Midbrain
The Forebrain

26
Q

what are the 2 structures that make up the tectum division of the midbrain?

A

For vision: superior colliculi
e.g. friend waving from across the street
For sound: inferior colliculi
e.g. loud ‘bang’ in the back of the classroom

27
Q

vision sensory receptor

A

photoreceptors of the retina

28
Q

hearing sensory receptor

A

hair cells of the cochlea

29
Q

touch sensory receptor

A

mechanoreceptors of skin

30
Q

pain sensory receptor

A

nociceptors of skin

31
Q

temperature sensory receptor

A

thermoreceptors of skin

32
Q

vestibular sensory receptor

A

cilia

33
Q

smell sensory receptor

A

olfactory receptors

34
Q

taste sensory receptor

A

taste receptor cells

35
Q

vision neural pathway

A

retina > LGN > V1

36
Q

hearing neural pathway

A

cochlea > Medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus (MGN) > Primary auditory cortex (A1)

37
Q

touch neural pathway

A

skin > To the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus (VP) > To the primary somatosensory cortex (S1)

38
Q

pain neural pathway

A

skin > interlaminar nuclei (IL) of the thalamus > primary somatosensory cortex (SI)

39
Q

temperature neural pathway

A

skin > To the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus (VP) > To the primary somatosensory cortex (S1)

40
Q

vestibular neural pathway

A

cilia > To the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus (VP) > To the primary somatosensory cortex (S1)

41
Q

smell neural pathway

A

orc > olfactory cortex

42
Q

taste neural pathway

A

trc > Ventral posterior medial (VPM) nucleus of the thalamus > primary Gustatory cortex

43
Q

what is perception?

A

the subjective experience of a sensation

44
Q

what is sensation?

A

a neural representation of the physical world provided by a sensory system

bio 126 final exam (2 decks)

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