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Mock Trial > new science > Flashcards

new science Flashcards

1
Q

Star

A

A luminous celestial object primarily composed of hydrogen and helium that generates energy through nuclear fusion.

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2
Q

Nebula

A

A cloud of gas and dust in space, often the birthplace of stars.

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3
Q

Protostar

A

A contracting cloud of gas and dust in the early stages of star formation.

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4
Q

Main Sequence Star

A

A stable phase of a star’s life cycle, where it fuses hydrogen into helium in its core.

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5
Q

Red Giant

A

A phase in the late life of a star where it expands and cools due to depletion of hydrogen in its core.

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6
Q

Supergiant

A

A massive star that is larger and brighter than a giant, often leading to a supernova explosion.

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7
Q

White Dwarf

A

A dense, Earth-sized remnant of a low to medium mass star after its nuclear fuel is exhausted.

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8
Q

Supernova

A

A powerful explosion that occurs when a massive star exhausts its nuclear fuel, releasing tremendous energy.

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9
Q

Neutron Star

A

An incredibly dense remnant of a massive star’s core, composed mostly of neutrons.

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10
Q

Black Hole

A

A region in space where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape.

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11
Q

Big Bang Theory

A

The prevailing scientific explanation for the origin of the universe, suggesting it began as a singularity and expanded rapidly.

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12
Q

Singularity

A

A point of infinite density and temperature at the beginning of the universe according to the Big Bang theory.

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13
Q

Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)

A

Faint radiation that fills the universe, considered the afterglow of the Big Bang.

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14
Q

Inflation Theory

A

A modification of the Big Bang theory, proposing a rapid expansion of the universe in its early moments.

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15
Q

Dark Matter

A

Unseen matter that doesn’t emit light but affects galaxies’ gravitational interactions, crucial for cosmic structure formation.

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16
Q

Dark Energy

A

A mysterious force causing the universe’s expansion to accelerate.

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17
Q

Steady State Theory

A

An older theory suggesting that the universe has always existed in a steady state, continuously creating matter to maintain its density.

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18
Q

Oscillating Universe Theory

A

A theory proposing that the universe undergoes cycles of expansion and contraction.

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19
Q

Multiverse Theory

A

The idea that our universe is one of many universes, each with its own physical laws and properties.

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20
Q

Cosmic Inflation

A

A rapid expansion of the universe immediately after the Big Bang, explaining its large-scale uniformity.

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21
Q

Hubble’s Law

A

The observation that galaxies are moving away from each other, providing evidence for the expansion of the universe.

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22
Q

Redshift

A

The stretching of light waves from distant galaxies due to the expansion of the universe.

23
Q

Galactic Evolution

A

The study of how galaxies formed, evolved, and interacted over cosmic time.

24
Q

Nucleosynthesis

A

The process of forming elements in the cores of stars through nuclear fusion.

25
Q

Stellar Nucleosynthesis

A

The creation of elements within stars, which are then released into space through supernovae.

26
Q

Element Abundance

A

The distribution of chemical elements in the universe, reflecting its history of nucleosynthesis.

27
Q

Hubble Space Telescope

A

A powerful space observatory that has provided invaluable insights into the universe’s structure and history.

28
Q

Cosmic Web

A

A large-scale structure of galaxies and dark matter, forming a network-like pattern in the universe.

29
Q

Bohr model of the atom

A

Electrons revolve around the nucleus in specific shells.

30
Q

Atomic Number

A

Represents the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

31
Q

Electron arrangement

A

Electrons are arranged in shells with a maximum of 2, 8, 18, or 32 electrons.

32
Q

Electronic configuration

A

Representation of the arrangement of electrons in an atom or monatomic ion.

33
Q

Emission spectra

A

The spectrum of light emitted by substances due to the changes in the electron configuration of atoms.

34
Q

Periodic table structure

A

Arrangement of elements based on atomic number and chemical properties.

35
Q

Group and Period

A

Columns in the periodic table are called groups, and rows are called periods.

36
Q

Numbering of Groups

A

Groups are numbered from 1 to 18.

37
Q

Group characteristics

A

Alkali Metals (Group 1), Alkaline Earth Metals (Group 2), Halogens (Group 17), Noble Gases (Group 18).

38
Q

Inert nature of Group 18

A

The outer electron shells of Group 18 elements are fully occupied, making them highly stable and unreactive.

39
Q

Reactivity trends in Groups 1, 2, and 17

A

Group 1 elements are highly reactive, Group 2 elements are less reactive than Group 1, and Group 17 elements are highly reactive nonmetals.

40
Q

Formation of ions in Groups 1, 2, and 17

A

Group 1 and 2 elements lose electrons to form positively charged ions, while Group 17 elements gain electrons to form negatively charged ions.

41
Q

Transition Metal block

A

Middle section of the periodic table, characterized by variable valence states and the formation of colored compounds.

42
Q

Difficulty in developing the Periodic Table:

A

Limited data and incomplete understanding of atomic structure posed challenges.

43
Q

Contributions of scientists

A

Dobereiner, Newlands, Mendeleev, Moseley, and Ramsay contributed to the modern Periodic Table.

44
Q

Straight chain alkanes

A

Methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane.

45
Q

Carboxylic acids

A

Methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, propanoic acid, butanoic acid, pentanoic acid, hexanoic acid, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid.

46
Q

Primary alcohols

A

Methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol, hexanol, heptanol, octanol.

47
Q

Secondary alcohols

A

Isopropyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, sec-pentyl alcohol, sec-hexyl alcohol, sec-heptyl alcohol, sec-octyl alcohol.

48
Q

Fermentation of glucose

A

Glucose is converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide by yeast in the absence of oxygen.

49
Q

Distillation process

A

Separation of alcohol from a mixture using differences in boiling points.

50
Q

Complete combustion of alkanes

A

Alkane + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water.

51
Q

Complete combustion of alcohols

A

Alcohol + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water.

52
Q

Crude oil

A

Source of various useful alkanes and other hydrocarbons.

53
Q

What was Plessy v. Ferguson?

A

Plessy v. Ferguson was a landmark 1896 United States Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the “separate but equal” doctrine. This ruling allowed for state-sponsored segregation in public facilities such as schools and transportation, providing legal justification for racial segregation and discrimination for several decades.

54
Q
A

Mock Trial (4 decks)

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