new science

Question 1

Star

Answer 1

A luminous celestial object primarily composed of hydrogen and helium that generates energy through nuclear fusion.

Question 2

Nebula

Answer 2

A cloud of gas and dust in space, often the birthplace of stars.

Question 3

Protostar

Answer 3

A contracting cloud of gas and dust in the early stages of star formation.

Question 4

Main Sequence Star

Answer 4

A stable phase of a star’s life cycle, where it fuses hydrogen into helium in its core.

Question 5

Red Giant

Answer 5

A phase in the late life of a star where it expands and cools due to depletion of hydrogen in its core.

Question 6

Supergiant

Answer 6

A massive star that is larger and brighter than a giant, often leading to a supernova explosion.

Question 7

White Dwarf

Answer 7

A dense, Earth-sized remnant of a low to medium mass star after its nuclear fuel is exhausted.

Question 8

Supernova

Answer 8

A powerful explosion that occurs when a massive star exhausts its nuclear fuel, releasing tremendous energy.

Question 9

Neutron Star

Answer 9

An incredibly dense remnant of a massive star’s core, composed mostly of neutrons.

Question 10

Black Hole

Answer 10

A region in space where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape.

Question 11

Big Bang Theory

Answer 11

The prevailing scientific explanation for the origin of the universe, suggesting it began as a singularity and expanded rapidly.

Question 12

Singularity

Answer 12

A point of infinite density and temperature at the beginning of the universe according to the Big Bang theory.

Question 13

Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)

Answer 13

Faint radiation that fills the universe, considered the afterglow of the Big Bang.

Question 14

Inflation Theory

Answer 14

A modification of the Big Bang theory, proposing a rapid expansion of the universe in its early moments.

Question 15

Dark Matter

Answer 15

Unseen matter that doesn’t emit light but affects galaxies’ gravitational interactions, crucial for cosmic structure formation.

Question 16

Dark Energy

Answer 16

A mysterious force causing the universe’s expansion to accelerate.

Question 17

Steady State Theory

Answer 17

An older theory suggesting that the universe has always existed in a steady state, continuously creating matter to maintain its density.

Question 18

Oscillating Universe Theory

Answer 18

A theory proposing that the universe undergoes cycles of expansion and contraction.

Question 19

Multiverse Theory

Answer 19

The idea that our universe is one of many universes, each with its own physical laws and properties.

Question 20

Cosmic Inflation

Answer 20

A rapid expansion of the universe immediately after the Big Bang, explaining its large-scale uniformity.

Question 21

Hubble’s Law

Answer 21

The observation that galaxies are moving away from each other, providing evidence for the expansion of the universe.

Question 22

Redshift

Answer 22

The stretching of light waves from distant galaxies due to the expansion of the universe.

Question 23

Galactic Evolution

Answer 23

The study of how galaxies formed, evolved, and interacted over cosmic time.

Question 24

Nucleosynthesis

Answer 24

The process of forming elements in the cores of stars through nuclear fusion.

Question 25

Stellar Nucleosynthesis

Answer 25

The creation of elements within stars, which are then released into space through supernovae.

Question 26

Element Abundance

Answer 26

The distribution of chemical elements in the universe, reflecting its history of nucleosynthesis.

Question 27

Hubble Space Telescope

Answer 27

A powerful space observatory that has provided invaluable insights into the universe's structure and history.

Question 28

Cosmic Web

Answer 28

A large-scale structure of galaxies and dark matter, forming a network-like pattern in the universe.

Question 29

Bohr model of the atom

Answer 29

Electrons revolve around the nucleus in specific shells.

Question 30

Atomic Number

Answer 30

Represents the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

Question 31

Electron arrangement

Answer 31

Electrons are arranged in shells with a maximum of 2, 8, 18, or 32 electrons.

Question 32

Electronic configuration

Answer 32

Representation of the arrangement of electrons in an atom or monatomic ion.

Question 33

Emission spectra

Answer 33

The spectrum of light emitted by substances due to the changes in the electron configuration of atoms.

Question 34

Periodic table structure

Answer 34

Arrangement of elements based on atomic number and chemical properties.

Question 35

Group and Period

Answer 35

Columns in the periodic table are called groups, and rows are called periods.

Question 36

Numbering of Groups

Answer 36

Groups are numbered from 1 to 18.

Question 37

Group characteristics

Answer 37

Alkali Metals (Group 1), Alkaline Earth Metals (Group 2), Halogens (Group 17), Noble Gases (Group 18).

Question 38

Inert nature of Group 18

Answer 38

The outer electron shells of Group 18 elements are fully occupied, making them highly stable and unreactive.

Question 39

Reactivity trends in Groups 1, 2, and 17

Answer 39

Group 1 elements are highly reactive, Group 2 elements are less reactive than Group 1, and Group 17 elements are highly reactive nonmetals.

Question 40

Formation of ions in Groups 1, 2, and 17

Answer 40

Group 1 and 2 elements lose electrons to form positively charged ions, while Group 17 elements gain electrons to form negatively charged ions.

Question 41

Transition Metal block

Answer 41

Middle section of the periodic table, characterized by variable valence states and the formation of colored compounds.

Question 42

Difficulty in developing the Periodic Table:

Answer 42

Limited data and incomplete understanding of atomic structure posed challenges.

Question 43

Contributions of scientists

Answer 43

Dobereiner, Newlands, Mendeleev, Moseley, and Ramsay contributed to the modern Periodic Table.

Question 44

Straight chain alkanes

Answer 44

Methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane.

Question 45

Carboxylic acids

Answer 45

Methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, propanoic acid, butanoic acid, pentanoic acid, hexanoic acid, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid.

Question 46

Primary alcohols

Answer 46

Methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol, hexanol, heptanol, octanol.

Question 47

Secondary alcohols

Answer 47

Isopropyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, sec-pentyl alcohol, sec-hexyl alcohol, sec-heptyl alcohol, sec-octyl alcohol.

Question 48

Fermentation of glucose

Answer 48

Glucose is converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide by yeast in the absence of oxygen.

Question 49

Distillation process

Answer 49

Separation of alcohol from a mixture using differences in boiling points.

Question 50

Complete combustion of alkanes

Answer 50

Alkane + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water.

Question 51

Complete combustion of alcohols

Answer 51

Alcohol + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water.

Question 52

Crude oil

Answer 52

Source of various useful alkanes and other hydrocarbons.

Question 53

What was Plessy v. Ferguson?

Answer 53

Plessy v. Ferguson was a landmark 1896 United States Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine. This ruling allowed for state-sponsored segregation in public facilities such as schools and transportation, providing legal justification for racial segregation and discrimination for several decades.