new science Flashcards
Star
A luminous celestial object primarily composed of hydrogen and helium that generates energy through nuclear fusion.
Nebula
A cloud of gas and dust in space, often the birthplace of stars.
Protostar
A contracting cloud of gas and dust in the early stages of star formation.
Main Sequence Star
A stable phase of a star’s life cycle, where it fuses hydrogen into helium in its core.
Red Giant
A phase in the late life of a star where it expands and cools due to depletion of hydrogen in its core.
Supergiant
A massive star that is larger and brighter than a giant, often leading to a supernova explosion.
White Dwarf
A dense, Earth-sized remnant of a low to medium mass star after its nuclear fuel is exhausted.
Supernova
A powerful explosion that occurs when a massive star exhausts its nuclear fuel, releasing tremendous energy.
Neutron Star
An incredibly dense remnant of a massive star’s core, composed mostly of neutrons.
Black Hole
A region in space where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape.
Big Bang Theory
The prevailing scientific explanation for the origin of the universe, suggesting it began as a singularity and expanded rapidly.
Singularity
A point of infinite density and temperature at the beginning of the universe according to the Big Bang theory.
Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)
Faint radiation that fills the universe, considered the afterglow of the Big Bang.
Inflation Theory
A modification of the Big Bang theory, proposing a rapid expansion of the universe in its early moments.
Dark Matter
Unseen matter that doesn’t emit light but affects galaxies’ gravitational interactions, crucial for cosmic structure formation.
Dark Energy
A mysterious force causing the universe’s expansion to accelerate.
Steady State Theory
An older theory suggesting that the universe has always existed in a steady state, continuously creating matter to maintain its density.
Oscillating Universe Theory
A theory proposing that the universe undergoes cycles of expansion and contraction.
Multiverse Theory
The idea that our universe is one of many universes, each with its own physical laws and properties.
Cosmic Inflation
A rapid expansion of the universe immediately after the Big Bang, explaining its large-scale uniformity.
Hubble’s Law
The observation that galaxies are moving away from each other, providing evidence for the expansion of the universe.
Redshift
The stretching of light waves from distant galaxies due to the expansion of the universe.
Galactic Evolution
The study of how galaxies formed, evolved, and interacted over cosmic time.
Nucleosynthesis
The process of forming elements in the cores of stars through nuclear fusion.
Stellar Nucleosynthesis
The creation of elements within stars, which are then released into space through supernovae.
Element Abundance
The distribution of chemical elements in the universe, reflecting its history of nucleosynthesis.
Hubble Space Telescope
A powerful space observatory that has provided invaluable insights into the universe’s structure and history.
Cosmic Web
A large-scale structure of galaxies and dark matter, forming a network-like pattern in the universe.
Bohr model of the atom
Electrons revolve around the nucleus in specific shells.
Atomic Number
Represents the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
Electron arrangement
Electrons are arranged in shells with a maximum of 2, 8, 18, or 32 electrons.
Electronic configuration
Representation of the arrangement of electrons in an atom or monatomic ion.
Emission spectra
The spectrum of light emitted by substances due to the changes in the electron configuration of atoms.
Periodic table structure
Arrangement of elements based on atomic number and chemical properties.
Group and Period
Columns in the periodic table are called groups, and rows are called periods.
Numbering of Groups
Groups are numbered from 1 to 18.
Group characteristics
Alkali Metals (Group 1), Alkaline Earth Metals (Group 2), Halogens (Group 17), Noble Gases (Group 18).
Inert nature of Group 18
The outer electron shells of Group 18 elements are fully occupied, making them highly stable and unreactive.
Reactivity trends in Groups 1, 2, and 17
Group 1 elements are highly reactive, Group 2 elements are less reactive than Group 1, and Group 17 elements are highly reactive nonmetals.
Formation of ions in Groups 1, 2, and 17
Group 1 and 2 elements lose electrons to form positively charged ions, while Group 17 elements gain electrons to form negatively charged ions.
Transition Metal block
Middle section of the periodic table, characterized by variable valence states and the formation of colored compounds.
Difficulty in developing the Periodic Table:
Limited data and incomplete understanding of atomic structure posed challenges.
Contributions of scientists
Dobereiner, Newlands, Mendeleev, Moseley, and Ramsay contributed to the modern Periodic Table.
Straight chain alkanes
Methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane.
Carboxylic acids
Methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, propanoic acid, butanoic acid, pentanoic acid, hexanoic acid, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid.
Primary alcohols
Methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol, hexanol, heptanol, octanol.
Secondary alcohols
Isopropyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, sec-pentyl alcohol, sec-hexyl alcohol, sec-heptyl alcohol, sec-octyl alcohol.
Fermentation of glucose
Glucose is converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide by yeast in the absence of oxygen.
Distillation process
Separation of alcohol from a mixture using differences in boiling points.
Complete combustion of alkanes
Alkane + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water.
Complete combustion of alcohols
Alcohol + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water.
Crude oil
Source of various useful alkanes and other hydrocarbons.
What was Plessy v. Ferguson?
Plessy v. Ferguson was a landmark 1896 United States Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the “separate but equal” doctrine. This ruling allowed for state-sponsored segregation in public facilities such as schools and transportation, providing legal justification for racial segregation and discrimination for several decades.
