New Orders

Question 1

Cloistered means…

Answer 1

People in that order can not go out into the real world so just have a small outside area
E.g. The Ursulines by Borromeo

Question 2

In general a religious order is…

Answer 2

A group of people wanting to lead a religious life
In 6th century, st Benedict set out rules for monks including living in poverty, chastity and obedience
Religious figures inspire other religious orders

Question 3

Good old religious orders…

Answer 3

1. Augustinian order was well run
2. Brethren of common life spread to Netherlands and Germany. Focuses on education of children and were bound together by modern devotion ‘devotio moderna’. Practiced humility, obedience and simplicity of life. Took no vows. Based on work by Thomas a Kempis e.g. ‘The imitation of Christ’
3. Carthusians had high standards and discipline

Question 4

Bad old religious orders…

Answer 4

1. Lazy and complacent monks who only joined to eat well
2. Franciscans in Spain were lax and corrupt
3. Erasmus criticised those who profited from selling relics
4. Concordat of Bologna 1516 where Leo X let Francis I nominate all abbots. So 80% of all abbots were titles held by courtiers or Royal servants
5. Benedictines followed rule of St Benedict and were oldest monastic order. Only 136 left when Henry VIII closed them down
6. Dominicans were inspired by St Dominic who preached with cahthars and they promoted inquisition
7. Carmelites were bad before they were discalced
8. Franciscans ruled by St Francis of Assisi. Established friaries for themselves so were no longer missionary

Question 5

How many new orders are there?

Answer 5

9

Question 6

What is the role of new orders?

Answer 6

Provide Christian social service
Provide education
Do Missionary work

Question 7

Capuchins

Answer 7

In Italy and France
Made up of Franciscans wanting to go back to primitive times
Popular and dedicated to the faith
Very large order

Question 8

Theatines

Answer 8

All over Europe
Set up by St Cajetan and Carafa
Up to 40 member - normally 30
Were sons of the nobility
Set up hospitals and charities
Had high standards

Question 9

Ursulines from Brescia

Answer 9

Based in Milan, France, Spain, Netherlands and England
Women’s order and inspired by St Ursuline
No vows at first but 1572 Borromeo forced them to be an enclosed order - cloistered, habit, vows

Question 10

Barnabites

Answer 10

Just northern Italy
Approved in 1533 by clement VII
Had four vows of chastity, poverty and obedience and then promise to not take another position without permission from the Holy See

Question 11

Jesuits

Answer 11

Spread everywhere
Good missionaries and educators
One of the most popular groups
No need for vows except obedience to the Pope and no habit needed
Powerful
Set up by Loyola who was inspired by Thomas a Kempis (missionary and vowed to live a religious life in public).
But there was a mixed opinion about them
They were a response to Protestants at first. Good - helped the sick
Recognised in 1540 by Paul III and had 60 members

Question 12

Oratory of divine love

Answer 12

Made up of laypeople and those who took vows
They preached and prayed
Spread through Italy
Responsible for the consilium of 1537

Question 13

Discalced Carmelites

Answer 13

Set up by Teresa of Avila
Popular in Spain
Led a primitive life

Question 14

Somaschi

Answer 14

1532 St Jerome Emiliani found them
Helped orphaned children
Lived a rough life and in poverty

Question 15

Jesuits methods

Answer 15

Set up schools for children who would then educate their parents.
Got influence and support from nobility and would offer to guide them through spiritual exercises (emotional experience) Protestants said this was brain washing.
Lainez also led the order and was at poissy and CofT
After Lainez, Salmeron helped the movement. All leaders came up with constitutions to help the order.

Question 16

Jesuit training

Answer 16

Four stages…

1. Novitiate stage where you were a novice. 2 years training - begging, manual work, pilgrims
2. Education stage. Educated to read and write. Take part in theatre and performance. Educated for up to 10 years
3. Ordained. Now a Jesuit
4. (Optional) 4th vow of complete obedience to the Pope. You were professed and could vote in the order. 1556 were 1000 Jesuits and 43 fully professed

Question 17

Jesuit administration

Answer 17

Good at communication sending letters. Loyola sent 3 letters so 1 would get received. Letters were repeated too
Were influential

Question 18

Jesuit lifestyle

Answer 18

Good life. Only spent 1 hour a day in prayer then had to provide a service for the rest of the day. Did not meet for prayer. No confession with nuns and no office without a permission from the order.

Question 19

Jesuit activities

Answer 19

Aim was to spread the faith to the Middle East with Xavier e.g. Japan and this continued elsewhere. But success depended on influence of local leaders. Most successful in South America with lots of Spanish troops
Education. Set up schools and colleges to promote the faith. Protestant kids went to their schools. Colleges to educate priests. Canisuis promoted building of schools in Switzerland and southern Germany. 40 schools set up there
Trent. They represented the papacy so nothing affected his power. Their leaders were influential in Trent.
Impact of Jesuits may have been exaggerated. Missionary work was good. Bellarmine defended the faith in three volumes. Were influential at the Court of Kings. Active in France in 17th century and southern Netherlands.

Question 20

The life of monks

Answer 20

They are fed very well and were wealthy
Life is focuses on prayer and hard work
They needed discipline to enforce rules but not all monastery’s followed the rules
Erasmus and Luther criticised monasteries. 1536 act for dissolution of monasteries in England
People said if monasteries were popular they were spiritually good