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✔️Chemistry 2A > New materials > Flashcards

New materials Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two groups of new materials?

A
  • Smart materials.

- Nanoparticles.

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2
Q

How do smart materials behave?

A

Very differently depending on the conditions (e.g. temperature).

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3
Q

What is an example of a smart material?

A

Nitinol.

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4
Q

What nitinol’s nickname?

A

A shape memory alloy.

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5
Q

What is nitinol?

A

A metal alloy (about half nickel, half titanium).

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6
Q

What can you do to nitinol?

A

When it’s cool you can bend it and twist it like rubber.

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7
Q

What happens when nitinol is bent too far?

A

It stays bent.

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8
Q

What can you do after you’ve bent nitinol to far that it stays bent?

A

You can heat it above a certain temperature, and it goes back to a remembered shape.

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9
Q

What is nitinol used in?

A
  • Glasses frames.

- Dental braces.

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10
Q

Why is nitinol used in glasses frames?

A

Because if you accidentally bend them, you can just heat them above a certain temperature (put them in a bowl of hot water) and they return to their shape.

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11
Q

Why is nitinol used in dental braces?

A

As in the mouth it warms and tries to return to a remembered shape, and so it gently pulls the teeth with it.

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12
Q

What are nanoparticles?

A

Really tiny particles, 1-100 manometres across.

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13
Q

What is one nanometre?

A

0.000000001 m.

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14
Q

What do nanoparticles contain?

A

A few hundred atoms.

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15
Q

What do nanoparticles include?

A

Fullerenes.

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16
Q

What are fullerenes?

A

Molecules of carbon.

17
Q

What are fullerenes shaped like?

A

Hollow balls or closed tubes.

18
Q

How are the carbon atoms in fullerenes arranged?

A

In hexagonal rings.

19
Q

What do different fullerenes contain?

A

Different numbers of carbon atoms.

20
Q

What does a nanoparticles have in comparison to the chemical it is made from?

A

Very different properties (e.g. fullerenes have different properties from the big lumps of carbon).

21
Q

What can we do to fullerenes?

A

Join them together to form nanotubes.

22
Q

What are fullerene nanotubes?

A

Tiny hollow carbon tubes, a few nanometres across.

23
Q

What can fullerene nanotubes be used to do?

A

Reinforce graphite in tennis rackets.

24
Q

Why are fullerene nanotubes used to reinforce graphite in tennis rackets?

A

As all the covalent bonds make carbon nanotubes very strong.

25
Q

What is using nanoparticles known as?

A

Nanoscience.

26
Q

What is happening in science regarding nanoparticles?

A

Many new uses of nanoparticles are being developed.

27
Q

What new uses of nanoparticles are being developed in science?

A
  • To make new industrial catalysts.
  • To make sensors that detect one type of molecule only (highly specific sensors).
  • To make stronger, lighter building materials.
  • To make new cosmetics.
  • In nanomedicine.
  • To make new lubricant coatings.
  • In tiny electric circuits for computer chips.
28
Q

Why can nanoparticles be used to make new industrial catalysts?

A

As they have a huge surface area to volume ratio.

29
Q

What are the highly specific sensors made by nanoparticles being used to test?

A

For water purity.

30
Q

Why are nanoparticles used to make new cosmetics?

A

(E.g. sun tan cream and deodorant), because the small particles do their job but don’t leave white marks on the skin.

31
Q

How can nanoparticles be used in medicine (nanomedicine)?

A

The idea is that tiny fullerenes are absorbed more easily by the body than most particles, so they could deliver drugs to the right cells where they are needed.

32
Q

What are new lubricant coatings being developed for using nanoparticles?

A

They are being developed with fullerenes, to reduce friction (a bit like ball bearings) and could be used in places like artificial joints and gears.

33
Q

Why are nanoparticles being used in tiny electric circuits?

A

As nanotubes conduct electricity.

✔️Chemistry 2A (14 decks)

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