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new material final Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The following makes up the highest percentage of the human genome:

A

repetitive DNA elements

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2
Q

CRISPR is a technique that can:

A

change DNA sequences

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3
Q

Most gene families arise because of a:

A

gene duplication events

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4
Q

The alpha-globin and beta-globin genes are:

A

two genes that are similar in sequence that came from the same gene originally

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5
Q

Exon shuffling produces:

A

a new gene that can likely perform a new function

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6
Q

The biologist Lamarck believed that:

A

evolution takes place due to use and disuse of body parts and the inheritance of acquired characteristics

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7
Q

Darwin hypothesized that the different species of finches in the Galapagos:

A

came from a common ancestor and gradually accumulated changes in their beaks over many generations to suit different diets

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8
Q

Which of the following most strongly supports the common origin of all life on Earth?

A

all organisms use essentially the same genetic code

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9
Q

Bacteria and viruses can evolve to develop drug resistance quickly because:

A

they have short generation times and can produce many generations very quickly

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10
Q

You compare the sequence of a particular human gene in 100 different individuals. The type of mutation that is the most strongly selected against is:

A

missense mutation within an exon

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11
Q

A population of flowers contained red flowers (Cr Cr), white flowers (Cw Cw), and pink flowers (Cr Cw). The allele frequency of Cr is 0.9.

A

81%

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12
Q

A population of flowers contained red flowers (Cr Cr), white flowers (Cw Cw), and pink flowers (Cr Cw). The allele frequency of Cr is 0.9.

The percentage of Cr Cw flowers is:

A

18%

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13
Q

A population of flowers contained red flowers (Cr Cr), white flowers (Cw Cw), and pink flowers (Cr Cw). The allele frequency of Cr is 0.9.

The percentage of white flowers is:

A

1%

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14
Q

The occurrence of the disease cystic fibrosis is 1 out of 3000 births.

The frequency of the normal, dominant allele of this gene is:

A

0.982

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15
Q

The occurrence of the disease cystic fibrosis is 1 out of 3000 births.

The frequency of cystic fibrosis carriers (heterozygous for the cystic fibrosis allele) is:

A

3.5%

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16
Q

Genetic drift usually occurs in:

A

small populations

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17
Q

In a population of wild flowers, the allele frequency changes over time because the light colored flowers are eaten most often. This is an example of:

A

natural selection

18
Q

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium should not occur when:

A

gene flow is occurring, mating is not random, natural selection is occurring

19
Q

The definition of biological species is:

A

group of organisms with members that can interbreed and produce viable offspring

20
Q

Horses and donkeys are different species because:

A

he hybrid produced has reduced fertility

21
Q

what did the smallpox vaccine consist of and what did it do?

A

smallpox vaccine was created through the attenuation method where a less dangerous version of the virus was injected into humans this results in antibodies forming, thus having resistance towards smallpox

22
Q

what does it mean to sequence a complete genome

A

individually base paring the nucleotides within an organism

23
Q

how many bacterial genomes were sequenced?

A

362

24
Q

how many archaeal genomes were sequenced?

A

28

25
Q

how many eukaryotic genomes were sequenced

A

175

26
Q

why was there a rapid drop in pricing for sequencing a whole genome’s DNA

A

due to powerful technology known as whole shotgun DNA sequencing, this process was a lot cheaper and faster

27
Q

what is the process of sequencing a complete genome? whole shotgun

A
  1. cut the DNA of an entire chromosome, fragments must be short enough to overlap
  2. clone fragments in plasmid
  3. sequence each fragment
  4. order the sequences into one overall sequence w computer software
28
Q

what is junk DNA? what does it consist of and why are scientists surprised by this?

A

repetitive DNA that includes elements that aren’t used for anything which is surprising to scientists, 44% of the human genome consists of junk DNA

29
Q

what percent of the human genome consists of introns? why are scientists surprised?

A

20%, splisosomes cut out these introns and they are not used for translation, scientists are surprised it takes up a lot of space

30
Q

what region within the human genome is used the most? what makes this region significant?

A

exons are genes that encode for transcription and translation. however, only 1.5% of the human genome consists of exons

31
Q

what two types of elements do junk DNA consist of?

A

transposons and retrotransposons

32
Q

what is a transposon? what is a transposable element defined as?

A

transposon is a copy from DNA and has the ability to reinsert itself randomly within the DNA sequence

transposable element: able to move from one location to another within the genome

33
Q

what is a retrotransposon movement

A

uses reverse transcriptase which has the ability to convert RNA to DNA, unregulated copying occurs and this process always leaves a copy of DNA behind

34
Q

what are the basics of how CRISPER works?

A

within the CRISPER protein, CAS 9, there is a guide RNA that helps find mutations within a genetic sequence and cuts this section out

the sequence can now be edited by inserting a new section of DNA or deleted

35
Q

what does guide RNA do?

A

finds the mutation within a genetic sequence you want to cut out

36
Q

what is CAS 9 ?

A

protein that guide RNA uses

37
Q

how is CRISPR used for gene therapy? sickle cell anemia

A

you can change the DNA sequence of an individual who has sickle cell anemia by editing the mutated hemoglobin to its correct sequence

38
Q

what is a gene family

A

consists of multiple genes with similar sequences and functions

39
Q

what is an example of a gene family

A

hemoglobin, a globins & b globins, they are coded on different chromosomes and expressed at different times

40
Q

what is exon shuffling

A

mix and match of different exons within a gene of between two different genes

biology (3 decks)

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