new material final

Question 1

The following makes up the highest percentage of the human genome:

Answer 1

repetitive DNA elements

Question 2

CRISPR is a technique that can:

Answer 2

change DNA sequences

Question 3

Most gene families arise because of a:

Answer 3

gene duplication events

Question 4

The alpha-globin and beta-globin genes are:

Answer 4

two genes that are similar in sequence that came from the same gene originally

Question 5

Exon shuffling produces:

Answer 5

a new gene that can likely perform a new function

Question 6

The biologist Lamarck believed that:

Answer 6

evolution takes place due to use and disuse of body parts and the inheritance of acquired characteristics

Question 7

Darwin hypothesized that the different species of finches in the Galapagos:

Answer 7

came from a common ancestor and gradually accumulated changes in their beaks over many generations to suit different diets

Question 8

Which of the following most strongly supports the common origin of all life on Earth?

Answer 8

all organisms use essentially the same genetic code

Question 9

Bacteria and viruses can evolve to develop drug resistance quickly because:

Answer 9

they have short generation times and can produce many generations very quickly

Question 10

You compare the sequence of a particular human gene in 100 different individuals. The type of mutation that is the most strongly selected against is:

Answer 10

missense mutation within an exon

Question 11

A population of flowers contained red flowers (Cr Cr), white flowers (Cw Cw), and pink flowers (Cr Cw). The allele frequency of Cr is 0.9.

Answer 11

81%

Question 12

A population of flowers contained red flowers (Cr Cr), white flowers (Cw Cw), and pink flowers (Cr Cw). The allele frequency of Cr is 0.9.

The percentage of Cr Cw flowers is:

Answer 12

18%

Question 13

A population of flowers contained red flowers (Cr Cr), white flowers (Cw Cw), and pink flowers (Cr Cw). The allele frequency of Cr is 0.9.

The percentage of white flowers is:

Answer 13

1%

Question 14

The occurrence of the disease cystic fibrosis is 1 out of 3000 births.

The frequency of the normal, dominant allele of this gene is:

Answer 14

0.982

Question 15

The occurrence of the disease cystic fibrosis is 1 out of 3000 births.

The frequency of cystic fibrosis carriers (heterozygous for the cystic fibrosis allele) is:

Answer 15

3.5%

Question 16

Genetic drift usually occurs in:

Answer 16

small populations

Question 17

In a population of wild flowers, the allele frequency changes over time because the light colored flowers are eaten most often. This is an example of:

Answer 17

natural selection

Question 18

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium should not occur when:

Answer 18

gene flow is occurring, mating is not random, natural selection is occurring

Question 19

The definition of biological species is:

Answer 19

group of organisms with members that can interbreed and produce viable offspring

Question 20

Horses and donkeys are different species because:

Answer 20

he hybrid produced has reduced fertility

Question 21

what did the smallpox vaccine consist of and what did it do?

Answer 21

smallpox vaccine was created through the attenuation method where a less dangerous version of the virus was injected into humans this results in antibodies forming, thus having resistance towards smallpox

Question 22

what does it mean to sequence a complete genome

Answer 22

individually base paring the nucleotides within an organism

Question 23

how many bacterial genomes were sequenced?

Answer 23

362

Question 24

how many archaeal genomes were sequenced?

Answer 24

28

Question 25

how many eukaryotic genomes were sequenced

Answer 25

175

Question 26

why was there a rapid drop in pricing for sequencing a whole genome’s DNA

Answer 26

due to powerful technology known as whole shotgun DNA sequencing, this process was a lot cheaper and faster

Question 27

what is the process of sequencing a complete genome? whole shotgun

Answer 27

1. cut the DNA of an entire chromosome, fragments must be short enough to overlap 2. clone fragments in plasmid 3. sequence each fragment 4. order the sequences into one overall sequence w computer software

Question 28

what is junk DNA? what does it consist of and why are scientists surprised by this?

Answer 28

repetitive DNA that includes elements that aren’t used for anything which is surprising to scientists, 44% of the human genome consists of junk DNA

Question 29

what percent of the human genome consists of introns? why are scientists surprised?

Answer 29

20%, splisosomes cut out these introns and they are not used for translation, scientists are surprised it takes up a lot of space

Question 30

what region within the human genome is used the most? what makes this region significant?

Answer 30

exons are genes that encode for transcription and translation. however, only 1.5% of the human genome consists of exons

Question 31

what two types of elements do junk DNA consist of?

Answer 31

transposons and retrotransposons

Question 32

what is a transposon? what is a transposable element defined as?

Answer 32

transposon is a copy from DNA and has the ability to reinsert itself randomly within the DNA sequence transposable element: able to move from one location to another within the genome

Question 33

what is a retrotransposon movement

Answer 33

uses reverse transcriptase which has the ability to convert RNA to DNA, unregulated copying occurs and this process always leaves a copy of DNA behind

Question 34

what are the basics of how CRISPER works?

Answer 34

within the CRISPER protein, CAS 9, there is a guide RNA that helps find mutations within a genetic sequence and cuts this section out the sequence can now be edited by inserting a new section of DNA or deleted

Question 35

what does guide RNA do?

Answer 35

finds the mutation within a genetic sequence you want to cut out

Question 36

what is CAS 9 ?

Answer 36

protein that guide RNA uses

Question 37

how is CRISPR used for gene therapy? sickle cell anemia

Answer 37

you can change the DNA sequence of an individual who has sickle cell anemia by editing the mutated hemoglobin to its correct sequence

Question 38

what is a gene family

Answer 38

consists of multiple genes with similar sequences and functions

Question 39

what is an example of a gene family

Answer 39

hemoglobin, a globins & b globins, they are coded on different chromosomes and expressed at different times

Question 40

what is exon shuffling

Answer 40

mix and match of different exons within a gene of between two different genes