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A&P Final > New Material > Flashcards

New Material Flashcards

1
Q

In male reproduction, secretion of ____ marks beginning of puberty

A

secretion of GnRH from hypothalamus

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2
Q

In male reproduction, secretion of ____ marks beginning of puberty

A

secretion of GnRH from hypothalamus

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3
Q

Testosterone that is produced by fetal testes is stimulated by __ from ___

A

hCG from placenta

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4
Q

What does LH do in male reproduction?

A

increases secretion of testosterone from interstitial cells of Leydig (Leydig cells)

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5
Q

What does FSH do in male reproduction?

A

stimulates sertoil (sustentacular) cells

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6
Q

Testosterone feeds back to hypothalamus and pituitary to inhibit:

A

GnRH and LH secretion

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7
Q

Inhibin from sertoli cells feeds back to pituitary to:

A

inhibit FSH secretion

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8
Q

What is the major androgen?

A

testosterone

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9
Q

Testosterone is often converted to __ by __

A

dihydrotestosterone by 5alpha-reductase

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10
Q

Dihydrotestosterone is more potent because:

A

it has a higher affinity for the intracellular androgen receptor

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11
Q

In female reproduction, FSH stimulates __ and triggers ___

A

-stimulates granulosa cells and triggers the maturation of 6 to 20 primary follicles

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12
Q

In female reproduction, LH stimulates ___ which secrete:

A

thecal cells which secrete estrogen and androgen

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13
Q

What is the major estrogen secreted?

A

estradiol

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14
Q

Granulosa cells convert ___ to estrogen for follicular maturation

A

androgen

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15
Q

Inhibin is secreted by:

A

granulosa cells

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16
Q

What does inhibin do?

A

feeds back (negative feedback) to pituitary to inhibit FSH

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17
Q

Estrogen is normally ___ feedback but exception=

A

negative; positive prior to ovulation

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18
Q

What happens during day 10 or 12 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Negative feedback switches to positive feedback (increased estrogen= LH surge= increased FSH)

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19
Q

Testosterone that is produced by fetal testes is stimulated by __ from ___

A

hCG from placenta

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20
Q

What does LH do in male reproduction?

A

increases secretion of testosterone from interstitial cells of Leydig (Leydig cells)

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21
Q

What does FSH do in male reproduction?

A

stimulates sertoil (sustentacular) cells

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22
Q

Testosterone feeds back to hypothalamus and pituitary to:

A

inhibit GnRH and LH secretion

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23
Q

Inhibin from sertoli cells feeds back to pituitary to:

A

inhibit FSH secretion

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24
Q

What is the major androgen?

A

testosterone

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25
Q

Testosterone is often converted to __ by __

A

dihydrotestosterone by 5alpha-reductase

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26
Q

Dihydrotestosterone is more potent because:

A

it has a higher affinity for the intracellular androgen receptor

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27
Q

In female reproduction, FSH stimulates __ and triggers ___

A

-stimulates granulosa cells and triggers the maturation of 6 to 20 primary follicles

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28
Q

In female reproduction, LH stimulates ___ which secrete:

A

thecal cells which secrete estrogen and androgen

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29
Q

What is the major estrogen secreted?

A

estradiol

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30
Q

Granulosa cells convert ___ to estrogen for follicular maturation

A

androgen

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31
Q

Inhibin is secreted by:

A

granulosa cells

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32
Q

What does inhibin do?

A

feeds back (negative feedback) to pituitary to inhibit FSH

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33
Q

Estrogen is normally ___ feedback but exception=

A

negative; positive prior to ovulation

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34
Q

What happens during day 10 or 12 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Negative feedback switches to positive feedback (increased estrogen= LH surge= increased FSH)

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35
Q

A surge of __ triggers ovulation and stimulates the secretion of ___

A

LH; progesterone

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36
Q 
Which of the following types of molecules work via an intracellular receptor?
A. Catecholamines (epinephrine)
B. Peptides (ADH)
C. Steroids (cortisol)
D. Proteins (insulin)
E. Nucleic acids
A

C: Steroids (cortisol)

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37
Q

How does the endocrine differ from the nervous system?

A

Use of the bloodstream

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38
Q

A person who, as an adult, develops a tumor that secretes growth hormone will have a condition called:

A

acromegaly

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39
Q

The posterior pituitary receives signals from the hypothalamus via:

A

neurons

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40
Q

A GnRH antagonist will __ production of __ by the testes

A

decrease; testosterone

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41
Q

Because it destabilizes excitable membranes, a major symptom of hypocalcemia is:

A

skeletal muscle tetany

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42
Q

A person with vitamin D deficiency will have difficulty:

A

Reabsorbing bone to allow its calcium to be released

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43
Q

After thyroglobulin is synthesized, it is secreted into:

A

colloid

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44
Q

In Grave’s disease, goiter is produced because the auto-immune antibodies mimic the effects of:

A

TSH

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45
Q

Which organ is most dependent on glucose to provide it with energy?

A

brain

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46
Q

Type 1 Diabetes mellitus is characterized by

A

Destruction of insulin producing cells

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47
Q

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by

A

Cells that are poorly responsive to insulin

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48
Q

Chromosome replication occurs during which phase?

A

S phase

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49
Q

The diploid number of chromosomes in humans is:

A

46

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50
Q

Spermatogenesis occurs within:

A

seminiferous tubules

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51
Q

Prostatic fluid is:

A

thin, with proteolytic enzymes and agents that help regulate pH

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52
Q

In males, LH stimulates:

A

Testosterone secretion from Leydig cells

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53
Q

Capacitation is:

A

the process by which sperm to acquire the ability to fertilize an oocyte

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54
Q

In males, impotence is treated with drugs that promote relaxation of smooth muscle cells in blood vessels,
allowing increased blood flow (thus facilitating erection). Such drugs work as:

A

phosphodiesterase inhibitors

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55
Q

What is the initial event in this sequence?

__, FSH, follicular matruation, endometrial proliferation

A

GnRH

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56
Q

When both estrogen and progesterone are present, what phase is the endometrium in?

A

Secretory

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57
Q

Which is the proper sequence of events in oogenesis and ovulation?

A

Primary follicle, Mature follicle, Ovulated oocyte, Corpus luteum

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58
Q

How many days/weeks make up the pre-embryonic stage of human development?

A

days 0-16; weeks 1 & 2

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59
Q

What weeks make up the embryonic stage of human development?

A

weeks 3-8

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60
Q

What weeks make up the fetal stage of human development?

A

weeks 9- birth

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61
Q

Fertilization must occur within what time frame from ovulation?

A

24 hrs

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62
Q

The “ovum” that the sperm meets and fertilizes is initially developed as a secondary oocyte during:

A

metaphase II

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63
Q

Where do the sperm and “ovum” meet?

A

fallopian tube

64
Q

Penetration of the egg by the sperm stimulates completion of __ and ejection of the ___

A

meiosis II; second polar body

65
Q

Once the egg is fertilized by the sperm, it is considered a __

A

zygote

66
Q

When does cleavage and morula formation occur?

A

days 1-3

67
Q

Cells of the morula continue to divide and the interior fills with fluid. This is now called a __

A

blastocyst

68
Q

What is a common cause of hyperthyroidism?

A

Graves disease

69
Q

Graves disease is a common causeo f ___

A

hyperthyroidism

70
Q

The common term for an enlarged thyroid is:

A

Goiter

71
Q

When thyroid can’t produce the amount of hormones the pituitary calls for, this is called:

A

primary hypothyroidism

72
Q

When the thyroid isn’t being stimulated by pituitary to produce hormones, this is called:

A

secondary hypothyroidism

73
Q

Where is ionized calcium found?

A

dissolved in body fluids

74
Q

Where is insoluble calcium salts found?

A

stored in bone/teeth

75
Q

Hypothyroidism present at birth that isn’t treated is called:

A

Cretinism (congenital hypothyroidism)

76
Q

What are the three main hormones that regulate calcium levels?

A
  1. parathyroid hormone (PTH)
  2. calcitonin
  3. calcitriol (active form of vitamin D)
77
Q

The __ produces calcitonin. The production of calcitonin promotes:

A

thyroid gland

-promotes calcium STORAGE

78
Q

The parathyroid hormone promotes:

A

calcium MOBILIZATION

79
Q

Steroid and thyroid hormones have what type of receptors?

A

intracellular receptors

80
Q

Prostaglandins have what type of receptors?

A

cell surface receptors

81
Q

3 types of cell surface receptors=

A
  1. ion channel linked
  2. g-protein linked
  3. enzyme-linked
82
Q

Example of ion channel linked receptor=

A

nicotinic cholinergic receptor

83
Q

Example of g-protein linked receptor=

A

muscarinic cholinergic receptor

84
Q

Two examples of enzyme-linked receptors=

A
  1. insulin receptor

2. growth hormone receptor

85
Q

What are the 2 hormones produced by the posterior pituitary?

A
  1. ADH (vasopressin)

2. Oxytocin

86
Q

Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones travel in the ____ from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary which secretes them

A

hypophyseal portal system

87
Q

What six hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary?

A
  1. FSH
  2. LH
  3. Growth Hormone
  4. TSH
  5. Prolactin
  6. ACTH
88
Q

What are the two main functions of thyroid hormone?

A
  1. increased metabolism

2. normal growth adn maturation

89
Q

The adrenal medulla secretes __

A

epinephrine

90
Q

The adrenal cortex produces more than 25 steroid hormones called:

A

corticosteroids

91
Q

The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex produces:

A

mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

92
Q

The zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex produces:

A

glucocorticoids (cortisol)

93
Q

The zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex produces:

A

sex steroids (DHEA, testosterone, estrogen)

94
Q

An excess of glucocorticoids (too much cortisol) is called:

A

cushing syndrome

95
Q

An excess of aldosterone is called:

A

primary aldosteronism

96
Q

An adrenal insufficiency resulting in hyperkalemia, hypovolemia, hypoglycemia,and an inability to handle stress is called:

A

Addisons disease

97
Q

The adrenal medulla would atrophy without the stimulation of:

A

cortisol produced from the adrenal cortex

98
Q

The pancreatic islet has 3 cell types which are:

A
  1. beta cells
  2. alpha cells
  3. delta cells
99
Q

Beta cells of the pancreas produce:

A

insulin

100
Q

Alpha cells of the pancreas produce:

A

glucagon

101
Q

Delta cells of the pancreas produce:

A

somatostatin

102
Q

What is the normal range of plasma glucose?

A

70-110 mg/dL

103
Q

Which state has a high insulin/glucagon ratio (favors insulin)?

A

absorptive (fed) state

104
Q

Which state has a low insulin/glucagon ratio (favors glucagon)?

A

Postabsorptive (fasting) state

105
Q

What type of diabetes is considered insulin dependent?

A

type 1 DM

106
Q

What type of diabetes is considered insulin independent?

A

type 2 DM

107
Q

3 classic signs of diabetes mellitus=

A
  1. polyuria
  2. polydipsia
  3. polyphagia
108
Q

What are hyperglycemia (diabetes related) complications that occur over time with high levels of blood sugar?

A
  • eye disease
  • stroke
  • heart disease and high BP
  • kidney disease
  • impaired blood flow to lower legs
  • nerve damage (peripheral neuropathy)
109
Q

What happens to chromosomes during meiosis I?

A

46 bivalent –> 23 bivalent chromosomes

110
Q

What happens to chromosomes during meiosis II?

A

23 bivalent –> 23 univalent chromosomes

111
Q

Normal separation of chromosomes during meiosis I is called:

A

disjunction

112
Q

Failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis is called:

A

nondisjunction

113
Q

What chromosomes exist in an individual with turner syndrome?

A

XO

114
Q

What chromosomes exist in an individual with klinefelter syndrome?

A

XXY

115
Q

All organs & tissues that release hormones are part of the __ system

A

endocrine

116
Q

All of the following hormones via intracellular receptors, EXCEPT:

estradiol, thyroxine, epinephrine, aldosterone, cortisol

A

epinephrine

117
Q

Which of the following hormones works via a membrane-bound receptor?

cortisol, estradiol, growth hormone, aldosterone

A

growth hormone

118
Q

Intracellular receptors for steroid hormones are:

A

transcription factors

119
Q

A child or adolescent that develops a pituitary tumor that secretes excess growth hormone will develop a condition known as:

A

giantism

120
Q

A GnRH agonist ___ release of __ from the testes

A

increases; testosterone

121
Q

Vasopressin is produced by the __ and released from the __

A

hypothalamus; posterior pituitary

122
Q

The disease of cortisol excess is:

A

cushing’s

123
Q

In grave’s disease, an auto-immune reaction causes antibodies to:

A

imitate the effects of TSH

124
Q

What happens when parathyroid hormone stimulates osteoclasts?

A

increased release of calcium in the blood

125
Q

What is the most important component of the thyroglobulin molecule for synthesis of thyroid hormone?

A

tyrosine

126
Q

In a healthy individual, when blood levels of thyroid hormone fall:

A

TSH secretion increases

127
Q

The adrenal medulla produces __. The adrenal cortex produces __

A

epinephrine;

sex steroids, glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

128
Q

The releasing hormone for aldosterone is:

A

angiotensin II

129
Q

In type I diabetes, insulin production is __. In type 2 diabetes insulin production is __.

A

decreased; normal

130
Q

When you first wake up in the AM, before you break your overnight fast, you would expect your plasma levels to be:

A

low normal glucose, low insulin, high glucagon

131
Q

Activation of the insulin receptor in skeletal muscle fibers and adipocytes causes:

A

insertion of glucose transporters into the plasma membrane

132
Q

Immediately following S-phase (prior to mitosis), a somatic cell possesses

A

46 bivalent chromosomes

133
Q

This hormone promotes sperm production __. This hormone promotes development of secondary sex characteristics in males __

A

FSH; testosterone

134
Q

Which second messenger is most important for allowing male erectile tissue to fill with blood?

A

cGMP

135
Q

The therapeutic efficacy of major drugs for erectile dysfunction is due to their ability to cause:

A

vasodilation

136
Q

A shift to positive feedback triggers ___ which triggers ovulation.

A

the LH surge

137
Q

Spontaneous degenerationof the corpus lutem leads to:

A

the menstrual phase

138
Q

During days 14-26 of the female cycle, all of the following events occur except:

  1. maturation of the follicle
  2. The uterus prepares for the possibility of implantation
  3. proliferation of granulosa and thecal cells to form corpus luteum
  4. growth and vascularization of the endometrium
  5. elevation of progesterone secretion
A

maturation of the follicle

139
Q

What implants into the endometrium?

A

A blastocyst

140
Q

Which of the following causes milk ejection?

A

oxytocin

141
Q

Late in pregnancy, decreasing levels of __ contributes to increased uterine myometrial contractility

A

progesterone

142
Q

Pregnancy tests work by detecting:

A

chorionic gonadotropin hormone

143
Q

Progesterone receptor antagonists like RU486 disrupt pregnancy by:

A

preventing implantation

144
Q

During fetal development, the production of surfactant is a key factor for:

A

viability

145
Q

Hormone that induces ovulation:

A

Luteinizing hormone

146
Q

“Water conserving” hormone

A

aldosterone

147
Q

Hormone that reduces blood calcium levels by promoting bone deposition

A

calcitonin

148
Q

Released from the adrenal medulla in response to activation of the sympathetic nervous system

A

Epinephrine

149
Q

anabolic agent responsible for lengthening of bones before adulthood

A

growth hormone

150
Q

Hormone responsible for: milk ejection and uterine contractility

A

oxytocin

151
Q

Therapeutic efficacy of this hormone is related to its potent anti-inflammatory actions

A

cortisol

152
Q

vital role in development and metabolism/metabolic rate

A

thyroid hormone

153
Q

stimulates spermatogenesis and development of secondary sex characteristics

A

testosterone

154
Q

elevates blood glucose by stimulating the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose and release glucose into the blood

A

GLUCAGON

155
Q

Importance in the growth, vascularization and maintenance of the endometrium

A

progesterone

156
Q

chronic exposure to this hormone is an established risk factor for female reproductive cancers

A

estradiol

157
Q

causes liver, muscle and fat tissue to take up glucose from the blood

A

insulin

A&P Final (2 decks)

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