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New Material Flashcards

1
Q

More positive redox potential means

A

Greater electron affinity

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2
Q

What is reduced in photosynthesis

A

CO2

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3
Q

What is oxidized in photosynthesis

A

H2O

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4
Q

What does H2O become in photosynthesis

A

O2

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5
Q

Both light and dark reactions in photosynthesis are

A

endergonic

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6
Q

3 organisms that participate in the carbon & energy cycles

A

autotrophs (producers), heterotrophs (consumers), detritivores (decomposers)

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7
Q

Photoautotrophs use energy from __ to __

A

sunlight; reduce CO2

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8
Q

Chemolithoautotrophs get energy from __

A

oxidizing inorganic compounds

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9
Q

Heterotrophs obtain __ carbon from their diet

A

reduced

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10
Q

Detritivores are a special kind of

A

heterotroph

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11
Q

Detritivores obtain __ from __

A

reduced carbon; dead organisms

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12
Q

Detritivores release carbon as simpler, more _ compounds

A

oxidized

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13
Q

Bacteria & fungi

A

detritivores

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14
Q

Energy in an ecosystem flows one way: from _ to _

A

sunlight; waste heat

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15
Q

How much energy is retained as you move up the trophic levels

A

10%

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16
Q

Why is so much energy lost with each trophic level

A

metabolism

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17
Q

Plankton distribution determines what

A

nekton populations

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18
Q

A limiting nutrient for plankton distribution

A

iron

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19
Q

Inefficient transfer of energy limits what 3 things

A

number of organisms, total biomass, and number of trophic levels

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20
Q

Why are top carnivores smaller than elephants and whales

A

elephants and whales obtain more energy by feeding low on the food chain

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21
Q

6 elements organisms contain

A

C, H, O, N, S, P

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22
Q

Unlike energy, no 2nd law of thermo losses or gains are involved with

A

matter (therefore, elements)

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23
Q

Biogeochemical cycle model

A

reservoirs, incorporation (how organisms acquire it), return (how organisms get rid of it), reservoirs

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24
Q

Decomposers are important mechanisms for which part of biogeochemical cycles

A

return

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25
Which elements have largely water & air reservoirs
C, H, O, N
26
Which elements have sediment reservoirs
S, P
27
2 ways carbon atoms cycle through the atmosphere
Photosynthesis & respiration
28
Which 2 atmospheric gases reverse and balance each other out
CO2 and O2
29
Which type of reservoir is harder to access
Sediment
30
Buried carbon not caught by decomposers and returned to air and water is called
fossil fuels
31
Which 2 gases trap infrared energy in sunlight as heat
CO2 and CH4 (methane)
32
What are CO2 and CH4 called
greenhouse gases
33
If the total CO2 produced by burning fossil fuels is only 4% of the total carbon in the carbon cycle, why is it an issue
Throws off the balance of the carbon cycle, and other parts of it (i.e. plants) cannot compensate quickly enough
34
How do we know that the atmospheric CO2 increase is from burning fossil fuels
Carbon-12 is present in fossil fuels. Climate change has been proven to be caused by carbon-12 and carbon-13. Carbon-14 (a radioactive isotope) is not present in fossil fuels, but it is present in plants. Carbon-14 levels are not increasing n the atmosphere.
35
Anthrogenic carbon
another name for CO2
36
What may have caused Earth to become warmer in the past
Volcanic eruptions
37
What factors may have caused Earth to become cooler in the past
Oxidation of methane; sulfur oxide from volcanoes, which reflects sunlight
38
In thousands of years, CO2 will dissolve into oceans and make them more
acidic
39
3 nitrogen reservoirs
- Large, mostly unusable atmospheric reservoir - Accessible terrestrial reservoir - Much smaller reservoir in marine ecosystems
40
Why is N2 largely unusable
Must be "fixed" or converted to a usable form
41
Role of nitrifying bacteria
oxidize ammonia to nitrates and nitrites, which are absorbed by plants
42
Major limiting nutrient in marine systems
Nitrogen
43
3 sources of usable N from N2 (N fixation)
- Free-living bacteria - Symbiotic bacteria - Industrial and agricultural fixation
44
Nitrogen fixation means
converting N2 to ammonia
45
Industrial/agricultural addition of N to soil
Fertilizer
46
Phosphorus is what kind of nutrient, esp. in freshwater systems
limiting
47
Eutrophication
increase in algae growth
48
Large amounts of P are found in
manure
49
Sulfur is what kind of nutrient
not limiting
50
Sulfur reaches land organisms by way of
airborne particles
51
Sulfur reaches marine organisms by way of
airborne particles and deep sea vents, which release S directly from magma
52
Sulfur in fossil fuels can cause
acid rain
53
How many electrons do biological systems oxidize at a time
2
54
Special molecules that form an electron transport chain and can be reused
electron carriers
55
Electron carriers form an electron transport chain when arranged by
increasing electron affinity | A -> B -> C
56
What does CO2 become in photosynthesis
glucose
57
During photosynthesis, energy from the sun is harvested in
small, exergonic steps
58
What structure holds proteins that capture light
thylakoid membrane
59
Soluble reactions occur where
stroma
60
Stroma
space outside grana (disks) in chloroplast
61
Products of light reactions
ATP, NADPH, O2
62
Location of light reactions
Thylakoid membrane
63
Light is first absorbed in
PS II
64
Product of dark reactions (Calvin cycle)
glucose
65
Location of dark reactions (Calvin cycle)
stroma
66
Why can the Calvin cycle occur w/o light
Uses ATP, NADPH, and O2 produced in the light-dependent reactions
67
How do PS II and PS I capture light
Form "antennas" of integral membrane proteins
68
Location of water oxidation in photosynthesis
PS II
69
(NADP+) + (H+) + (2e-) ->
NADPH
70
Electrons from water oxidation end up where
NADPH
71
After energy is transferred to the reaction center, what happens to the electron
Enters the electron transport chain
72
What reduces NADP+ to NADPH
NADP reductase

Biology 110 (6 decks)

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