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Biology 110 > New Material > Flashcards

New Material Flashcards

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1
Q

More positive redox potential means

A

Greater electron affinity

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2
Q

What is reduced in photosynthesis

A

CO2

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3
Q

What is oxidized in photosynthesis

A

H2O

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4
Q

What does H2O become in photosynthesis

A

O2

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5
Q

Both light and dark reactions in photosynthesis are

A

endergonic

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6
Q

3 organisms that participate in the carbon & energy cycles

A

autotrophs (producers), heterotrophs (consumers), detritivores (decomposers)

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7
Q

Photoautotrophs use energy from __ to __

A

sunlight; reduce CO2

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8
Q

Chemolithoautotrophs get energy from __

A

oxidizing inorganic compounds

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9
Q

Heterotrophs obtain __ carbon from their diet

A

reduced

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10
Q

Detritivores are a special kind of

A

heterotroph

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11
Q

Detritivores obtain __ from __

A

reduced carbon; dead organisms

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12
Q

Detritivores release carbon as simpler, more _ compounds

A

oxidized

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13
Q

Bacteria & fungi

A

detritivores

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14
Q

Energy in an ecosystem flows one way: from _ to _

A

sunlight; waste heat

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15
Q

How much energy is retained as you move up the trophic levels

A

10%

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16
Q

Why is so much energy lost with each trophic level

A

metabolism

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17
Q

Plankton distribution determines what

A

nekton populations

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18
Q

A limiting nutrient for plankton distribution

A

iron

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19
Q

Inefficient transfer of energy limits what 3 things

A

number of organisms, total biomass, and number of trophic levels

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20
Q

Why are top carnivores smaller than elephants and whales

A

elephants and whales obtain more energy by feeding low on the food chain

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21
Q

6 elements organisms contain

A

C, H, O, N, S, P

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22
Q

Unlike energy, no 2nd law of thermo losses or gains are involved with

A

matter (therefore, elements)

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23
Q

Biogeochemical cycle model

A

reservoirs, incorporation (how organisms acquire it), return (how organisms get rid of it), reservoirs

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24
Q

Decomposers are important mechanisms for which part of biogeochemical cycles

A

return

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25
Q

Which elements have largely water & air reservoirs

A

C, H, O, N

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26
Q

Which elements have sediment reservoirs

A

S, P

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27
Q

2 ways carbon atoms cycle through the atmosphere

A

Photosynthesis & respiration

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28
Q

Which 2 atmospheric gases reverse and balance each other out

A

CO2 and O2

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29
Q

Which type of reservoir is harder to access

A

Sediment

30
Q

Buried carbon not caught by decomposers and returned to air and water is called

A

fossil fuels

31
Q

Which 2 gases trap infrared energy in sunlight as heat

A

CO2 and CH4 (methane)

32
Q

What are CO2 and CH4 called

A

greenhouse gases

33
Q

If the total CO2 produced by burning fossil fuels is only 4% of the total carbon in the carbon cycle, why is it an issue

A

Throws off the balance of the carbon cycle, and other parts of it (i.e. plants) cannot compensate quickly enough

34
Q

How do we know that the atmospheric CO2 increase is from burning fossil fuels

A

Carbon-12 is present in fossil fuels. Climate change has been proven to be caused by carbon-12 and carbon-13. Carbon-14 (a radioactive isotope) is not present in fossil fuels, but it is present in plants. Carbon-14 levels are not increasing n the atmosphere.

35
Q

Anthrogenic carbon

A

another name for CO2

36
Q

What may have caused Earth to become warmer in the past

A

Volcanic eruptions

37
Q

What factors may have caused Earth to become cooler in the past

A

Oxidation of methane; sulfur oxide from volcanoes, which reflects sunlight

38
Q

In thousands of years, CO2 will dissolve into oceans and make them more

A

acidic

39
Q

3 nitrogen reservoirs

A
  • Large, mostly unusable atmospheric reservoir
  • Accessible terrestrial reservoir
  • Much smaller reservoir in marine ecosystems
40
Q

Why is N2 largely unusable

A

Must be “fixed” or converted to a usable form

41
Q

Role of nitrifying bacteria

A

oxidize ammonia to nitrates and nitrites, which are absorbed by plants

42
Q

Major limiting nutrient in marine systems

A

Nitrogen

43
Q

3 sources of usable N from N2 (N fixation)

A
  • Free-living bacteria
  • Symbiotic bacteria
  • Industrial and agricultural fixation
44
Q

Nitrogen fixation means

A

converting N2 to ammonia

45
Q

Industrial/agricultural addition of N to soil

A

Fertilizer

46
Q

Phosphorus is what kind of nutrient, esp. in freshwater systems

A

limiting

47
Q

Eutrophication

A

increase in algae growth

48
Q

Large amounts of P are found in

A

manure

49
Q

Sulfur is what kind of nutrient

A

not limiting

50
Q

Sulfur reaches land organisms by way of

A

airborne particles

51
Q

Sulfur reaches marine organisms by way of

A

airborne particles and deep sea vents, which release S directly from magma

52
Q

Sulfur in fossil fuels can cause

A

acid rain

53
Q

How many electrons do biological systems oxidize at a time

A

2

54
Q

Special molecules that form an electron transport chain and can be reused

A

electron carriers

55
Q

Electron carriers form an electron transport chain when arranged by

A

increasing electron affinity

A -> B -> C

56
Q

What does CO2 become in photosynthesis

A

glucose

57
Q

During photosynthesis, energy from the sun is harvested in

A

small, exergonic steps

58
Q

What structure holds proteins that capture light

A

thylakoid membrane

59
Q

Soluble reactions occur where

A

stroma

60
Q

Stroma

A

space outside grana (disks) in chloroplast

61
Q

Products of light reactions

A

ATP, NADPH, O2

62
Q

Location of light reactions

A

Thylakoid membrane

63
Q

Light is first absorbed in

A

PS II

64
Q

Product of dark reactions (Calvin cycle)

A

glucose

65
Q

Location of dark reactions (Calvin cycle)

A

stroma

66
Q

Why can the Calvin cycle occur w/o light

A

Uses ATP, NADPH, and O2 produced in the light-dependent reactions

67
Q

How do PS II and PS I capture light

A

Form “antennas” of integral membrane proteins

68
Q

Location of water oxidation in photosynthesis

A

PS II

69
Q

(NADP+) + (H+) + (2e-) ->

A

NADPH

70
Q

Electrons from water oxidation end up where

A

NADPH

71
Q

After energy is transferred to the reaction center, what happens to the electron

A

Enters the electron transport chain

72
Q

What reduces NADP+ to NADPH

A

NADP reductase

Biology 110 (6 decks)

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