New Kingdom Egypt Flashcards
1
Q
Impact of the Hyksos & Sources
A
Political
- Had pharaonic titles and Egyptian names
- Included Egyptians in administration
- Not oppressive but Egyptians must have seen their reign as unacceptable
Economic
- Trade with Crete, Nubia, Syria-Palestine
- Taxation for Thebans to use Nile
- Khamose’s Victory stela: harbour at Avaris had “hundreds of ships of fresh cedar which were filled with gold, lapis … bronze axes without number … fine woods – all the fine products of Syria”
Technological and Military
- Bronze work and weaponry
- Potter’s wheel and vertical loom
- Chariot
- Composite bow
- Scaled armour and helmets
- Shifted Egyptians outlook on expansion, from necessity in Wars of Reunification that resulted in later imperialism
- Khamose’s Victory stela: chariots were among the booty collected
- Ahmose son of Ebana: “I followed [Ahmose] on foot when he rode abroad in his chariot”
2
Q
Manetho’s quote on Impact of the Hyksos
A
Hyksos “burned our cities ruthlessly, razed to the ground the temples of the gods and treated the natives with cruel hostility”
3
Q
Donald Redford’s quote on Impact of the Hyksos
A
There was an “active court at Avaris, with international interests … with the city-states of Palestine and Syria and the Aegean”
4
Q
Establishment of the 18th Dynasty & Sources
A
Wars against the Hyksos
- Seqenenre insulted by Apophis and fortified palace, but was killed before he could overthrow Hyksos
- Khamose destroyed Nubian and Hyksos towns but didn’t take Avaris
- Ahmose took Avaris and besieged Sharuhen for 3 years to expel Hyksos
- Seqenenre’s mummy: wounds by dagger, spear, mace and axe marks that match Hyksos weaponry
- Khamose: “an Asiatic and a Nubian, [each] man possessing his portion of Egypt”
- Khamose’s Victory stela: “I sailed north … to repel the Asiatics … with my brave army … and the Medjay archers”
- Ahmose’s pyramid at Abydos: battle scenes against Hyksos with chariots, archers, royal battle ship
- Ahmose son of Ebana’s tomb: Ahmose campaigned in Syria-Palestine to expel Hyksos and “Sharuhen was besieged for 3 years”
Reunification of Upper and Lower Egypt
- Ahmose attributed victory to Amun who became state deity
- Made Thebes capital
- Defeated Nubians for consolidation
- Put down uprisings of Nubian named Aata by capturing rebels, and Egyptian named Teti-an by killing rebels
- Ahmose son of Ebana’s tomb: Ahmose killed Nubians and “made a great slaughter amongst them”
- Ahmose son of Ebana’s tomb: Ahmose “conquered southerners and northerners”
- Ahmose son of Ebana’s tomb: Ahmose defeated rebellions of Aata and Teti-an
Impacts
- Rise of militarism and career soldiers
- Administration of emerging empire
- Rising power of Amun priesthood
5
Q
James Breasted’s quote on Establishment of the 18th Dynasty
A
“Hyksos domination provided the Egyptians with the incentive and means towards world expansion and so laid the foundations … of the New Kingdom”
6
Q
Role of Queens & Sources
A
Tetisheri
- Regent for Ahmose
- Recruited troops against Hyksos
- First to wear vulture headdress
- Ahmose’s Abydos Donation stela: he “desired to have made for her a pyramid and a house … equipped with people, endowed with lands”
- Ahmose’s Limestone stela: he dedicated gifts to Tetisheri as she wore vulture headdress and held sceptre
- Lavish tomb at Themes
- Pyramid and chapel at Abydos, staffed with priests
Ahhotep II
- Co-regent with Ahmose
- Involved in military affairs to consolidate dynasty
- Ahhotep II’s tomb: items of military importance including Golden Flies of Valour and ceremonial axe
- Buhen fortress: includes names of Ahmose and Ahhotep, suggesting co-regency
- Ahmose’s Karnak stela: Ahhotep was “mistress of the country, the sovereign of the lands … who unites Egypt … she has brought back its fugitives, she has gathered its dissidents, she has pacified Upper Egypt, she has put down its rebels”
- Yuf the noble’s inscription in Edfu: “she appointed me to offer to her everyday … she gave to me all her property in Edfu to administer it for her majesty”
Ahmose-Nefertari
- Wife of Ahmose
- Regent for Amenhotep I
- God’s Wife of Amun
- Second Prophet of Amun
- Divine Adoratrice
- Travelled with Ahmose
- Co-founded and was patron deity of workers’ village at Deir el-Medina with Amenhotep I
- Ahmose’s Karnak stela: “the office of the Second Priest of Amun [shall] belong to God’s wife”
- Ahmose’s Abydos Donation stela: her advice was sought to honour Tetisheri
- Ahmose’s Karnak stela: same scale as him and presenting bread to Amun
- Yuf the noble’s inscription in Edfu: she appointed him as scribe to assistant treasurer
7
Q
Joshua Mark’s quote on Role of Queens
A
Ahhotep II “commanded considerable respect from the military and operated independently and successfully without consulting with her son”
8
Q
Joyce Tyldesley’s quote on Role of Queens
A
“New Kingdom queens were more visible than ever before with increasing emphasis on individuality and divinity”
9
Q
Development and Importance of the Cult of Amun & Sources
A
- Local god of Thebes and state deity after reunification
- Combined with ancient state god Re for association to Old Kingdom
- Hatshepsut introduced Overseer of Prophets of Upper and Lower Egypt
- Military victories attributed to Amun so it became economic powerhouse and was greatest employer of labour
- Contributed to warrior pharaoh image and kingship ideology
- Became kingmakers and high priests were chosen by king
- Divine birth ideology, oracles
- God’s Wife of Amun
- Ahmose’s Karnak stela: “the office of the Second Priest of Amun [shall] belong to God’s wife”
- Ahmose’s Limestone stela: Gave Amun gifts of “great chaplets of gold … lapis lazuli … large vases of gold
- Hatshepsut’s Coronation and Divine Birth reliefs and expedition to Punt scenes in Djeser Djeseru at Deir el-Bahri: “Then [Thutmose I] said … this daughter of mine, I have appointed as my successor … she shall direct the people”
- Thutmose III’s oracle: Amun “made a circuit of the hypostyle … while he searched for me … on recognising me, behold, he halted … I was presented with the dignities of a god”
- Thutmose III’s Annals: “the entire army rejoiced and gave praise to Amun”
10
Q
John Wilson’s quotes on Development and Importance of the Cult of Amun
A
- “more than any other deity, Amun was the creation of political circumstances”
- For priests “it was important that the domination of foreigners of Egypt be pushed at all times”
11
Q
Pamela Bradley’s quote on Development and Importance of the Cult of Amun
A
From Hatshepsut’s reign “the status of Amun was raised above all other gods and his priesthood acquired great religious, economic and political influence”
12
Q
Toni Hurley’s quote on Development and Importance of the Cult of Amun
A
Amun priesthood “was powerful enough to play kingmaker” and this can be seen in the way it “supported Hatshepsut in her claim to the throne”
13
Q
Political and Religious Significance of Building Programs & Sources
A
- Politico-religious activity
- Legitimisation of reign
- Royal ancestor worship
- Advertised success
- Promoted religious cults, especially Amun priesthood
- Employment opportunities
- Mortuary buildings promoted king’s funerary cult
- Forts and temples in Nubia and garrisons in Syria-Palestine exerted control
- Ahmose: palace at Avaris, Abydos pyramid, temple in Buhen in Nubia
- Amenhotep I: chapel at Abydos, rebuilt Nubian forts
- Thutmose I: temple of Osiris at Abydos, statues of Ennead at Abydos, forts at Semna, Buhen and Tombos in Nubia
- Hatshepsut: Deir el-Bahri, Red Chapel, fortress at Western Thebes
- Thutmose III: Annals, Medinet Habu temples, temples and forts at Gebel Barkal, Semna and Buhen in Nubia
- Amenhotep II: Temple to Horemakhet, obelisks at Elephantine
- Thutmose IV: Temple for Horemakhet, Dream stela
14
Q
Barry Kemp’s quote on Political and Religious Significance of Building Programs
A
“ideology needs architecture for its fullest expression”
15
Q
Role and Contribution of Ahmose & Sources
A
- Border security and expansion beyond Sinai desert and deep into Nubia
- Expelled Hyksos, defeated Nubians, reunified Egypt and established 18th Dynasty
- Made Thebes administrative capital and made Amun the state deity
- Established commandment of Buhen in Nubia
- Emphasised importance of queens and began God’s Wife of Amun titulary
- Made connections to Old Kingdom
- Palace at Avaris: reasserted authority and base for eastern campaigns
- Abydos pyramid: battle scenes against Hyksos and cenotaphs to commemorate himself and Tetisheri
- Ahmose son of Ebana’s tomb: “he had conquered southerners and northerners”
- Ahmose’s Donation stela: he “desired to have made for her a pyramid and a house … equipped with people, endowed with lands … mortuary priests and ritual priests”
- Ahmose’s Limestone stela: he dedicated gifts to Tetisheri and she wore vulture headdress and held sceptre
- Ahmose’s Karnak stela: Ahhotep was “mistress of the country, the sovereign of the lands … who unites Egypt … she has brought back its fugitives, she has gathered its dissidents, she has pacified Upper Egypt, she has put down its rebels”
- Ahmose’s Karnak stela: “the office of the Second Priest of Amun [shall] belong to God’s wife”
- Limestone stela: Gave Amun gifts of “great chaplets of gold … lapis lazuli … large vases of gold”
- Tempest stela: commitment to gods by restoring damaged temples
- Temples to Ptah and Montu: connection to Old Kingdom
- Temple in Buhen in Nubia: maintained control and image of warrior pharaoh
- Cedar and limestone features at Karnak: dedication to Amun
16
Q
Jaromir Malek’s quote on Role and Contribution of Ahmose
A
“Ahmose left behind him a unified state with a much improved economy … the chief power in the Near East of the time”
17
Q
Role and Contribution of Amenhotep I & Sources
A
- Border security and expansion
- Campaigned in Nubia and established viceroy
- First deliberate policy of expansion
- Stimulated economy by establishing Deir el-Medina workers’ village and became patron deity
- Chapel at Abydos: commemorated Ahmose I and legitimised himself
- Deir el-Medina workers’ village: building and decorating royal tombs
- Rebuilt Nubian forts: protected borders and Egyptians in Nubia
- Ahmose son of Ebana’s tomb: “he sailed south to Kush, to enlarge the borders”
- Pylon and White Chapel barque sanctuary at Karnak: dedicated to Amun
18
Q
Role and Contribution of Thutmose I & Sources
A
- Border security and expansion to Tombos in Nubia and Euphrates River in Syria-Palestine
- Established Thutmosid line
- Focused on gods for legitimisation
- Connections to past
- Dedication to Ennead
- Built roads for trade and communication
- Military campaigns to Nubia and Levant
- Consolidated authority in Nubia by expanding forts
- Fought Mitanni
- Temple of Osiris at Abydos: does not acknowledge Ahmosid line and stresses his own lineage
- Temples at Elephantine, Edfu, Memphis and Giza: connection to Old and Middle Kingdoms
- Statues of Ennead at Abydos: dedication to religion and divine birth ideology
- Thutmose I Abydos stela: “I have made monuments for the gods … I have restored which was in ruin”
- Expanded forts at Semna and Buhen in Nubia: consolidated Egyptian authority
- Fort at Tombos: consolidated Egyptian authority
- Aswan inscription: “His majesty arrived from Kush, having overthrown the enemy”
- Ahmose son of Ebana’s tomb biography: “he sailed south to crush rebellion … [he] sailed northward, all countries in his grasp”
- 2 pylons, hypostyle hall and 2 obelisks at Karnak: dedicated to Amun
