New Exam 2

Question 0

What is a voiced source?

Answer 0

• vocal fold vibration

- vowels, nasals, glides, liquids

Question 1

What are the four sound sources of speech?

Answer 1

1. Voiced source
2. Turbulent source
3. Transient source
4. Combined sources

Question 2

What is turbulent source?

Answer 2

• turbulent airflow through narrow construction in the vocal tract
• aperiodic, hissing quality
• fricatives /f, s, S, ø, h/

Question 3

What is transient source?

Answer 3

• abrupt changes in airflow due to release of air pressure built up behind a construction in the vocal tract
• aperiodic
• stops /p,t,k/

Question 4

Turbulent + Transient =

Answer 4

/ts/

Question 5

Voiced + Turbulent =

Answer 5

/z, v, 6, 3/

Question 6

Voiced + Transient =

Answer 6

/b, d, g/

Question 7

Voiced + Turbulent + Transient =

Answer 7

/d3/

Question 8

What are semivowels?

Answer 8

Glides and liquids

Question 9

Glides and liquids are ____________ consonants

Answer 9

Resonant (or sonorant)

Question 10

Glides occur only before a __________?

Answer 10

Vocalic nuclei

Question 11

The palatal glide /j/ is produced…

Answer 11

At a position close to that for /i/

Question 12

The glide /w/ is produced…

Answer 12

At a position close to that for /u/

Question 13

Closing phase

Answer 13

• The velopharyngeal closure

- An occlusion formed by lips or tongue within the oral cavity

Question 14

Closure phase

Answer 14

Holding the air in the vocal tract and increased intraoral pressure

Question 15

Release phase

Answer 15

• Orally released with a transient burst of noise

Question 16

A glottal stop

Answer 16

• Articulated at the glottis

- Voiceless

Question 17

Acoustic features of stop production (4)

Answer 17

1. Silent gap
2. A noise burst
3. Rise and Fall time
4. Formant transition

Question 18

Silent gap

Answer 18

In the case of voiced stops (/b,d,g/) the presence of a low intensity harmonic , the fundamental frequency

Question 19

Noise burst

Answer 19

• Vertical spike following the silent gap

- More prominent for VL stops

Question 20

Rise time and Fall time

Answer 20

Maximum intensity for syllable initial and minimum intensity for syllable final stops

Question 21

Formant transition

Answer 21

F1 rises rapidly after the release of initial stops and falls rapidly before completion of the closure for the final stops

Question 22

What are labial stops?

Answer 22

/p/ and /b/

Question 23

Labial stops (description)

Answer 23

-weak and low frequency (300 hz)

Question 24

What are the alveolar stops?

Answer 24

/t/ and /d/

Question 25

Alveolar stops (description)

Answer 25

Strong burst of energy at high frequencies (around 3000 Hz)

Question 26

What are the velar stops?

Answer 26

/k/ and /g/

Question 27

Velar stops (description)

Answer 27

Strong burst energy at mid frequencies

Question 28

VOT

Answer 28

Voice Onset Time

Question 29

What is VOT?

Answer 29

Interval between release of stop and the onset voicing

Question 30

What are the 3 types of VOT

Answer 30

1. Short lag 2. Long lag 3. Pre-voicing

Question 31

Short lag

Answer 31

0-30 ms VL unaspirated stops +VOT

Question 32

Long lag

Answer 32

0-40 ms VL aspirated stop + VOT

Question 33

Pre-voicing

Answer 33

Voicing before release Before 0 ms - VOT

Question 34

Fricatives are ____________ consonants

Answer 34

Nonresonant

Question 35

Four places of articulation for fricatives?

Answer 35

1. Labiodental 2. Linguadental 3. Alveolar 4. Postalveolar

Question 36

What sibilants have a hissing quality?

Answer 36

/s, z/ and /S, 3/

Question 37

Where is /s, z/ articulated?

Answer 37

Tongue tip approaching the alveolar ridge or with the tongue tip down behind the lower incisors.

Question 38

How is /S, 3/ articulated?

Answer 38

- The construction is made at the postalveolar area - Lip rounding is involved - A wider range of constrictions than for /s,z/

Question 39

The aspirate /h/ is produced...

Answer 39

With a constriction at the glottis

Question 40

What are the voiceless fricatives?

Answer 40

/f, Ø, s, S/

Question 41

/s/ and /S/ have ___________ frication

Answer 41

Strong

Question 42

/f/ and /Ø/ have _____________ frication

Answer 42

Weak

Question 43

VL or V has longer frication?

Answer 43

VL

Question 44

Voiced fricatives and affricates have...

Answer 44

Voice bar

Question 45

Frication noise is higher for _____ than _____

Answer 45

/s/ than /S/

Question 46

Alveolar fricatives have intense noise in the higher frequencies than...

Answer 46

Palatal fricatives

Question 47

Nasals are __________ consonants

Answer 47

Resonant

Question 48

Can nasals become syllabic?

Answer 48

Yes

Question 49

Nasals are articulated with...

Answer 49

The velum lowered and the nasal cavity open

Question 50

The oral cavity is occluded (for /m/) at...

Answer 50

The lips

Question 51

The oral cavity is occluded (for /n/) at...

Answer 51

The alveolar ridge

Question 52

The oral cavity is occluded (for /ng/) at...

Answer 52

Post alveolar

Question 53

Nasal murmur within...

Answer 53

The 200-300 Hz range for an adult male's tract

Question 54

Antiresonances are due to...

Answer 54

Complete occlusion of the oral cavity

Question 55

A loss in intensity due to sound being absorbed by the soft walls and convolutions within the nasal cavities...

Answer 55

Antiresonances

Question 56

Frequency range for antiresonance [m]

Answer 56

500-1500 Hz

Question 57

Frequency range for antiresonance for [n]

Answer 57

2000-3000 Hz

Question 58

Frequency range for antiresonance [ng]

Answer 58

Above 3000

Question 59

Assimilation

Answer 59

An alternation in the movement of a single articulator due to the effect of neighboring sounds

Question 60

Phonemic change

Answer 60

- Affects place, manner, voicing - Complete assimilation - EX: pumpkin, bank, "lellow"

Question 61

Allophonic Change

Answer 61

- Partial assimilation - "Eat the bread." Phonetic change - "key" vs "call" Allophonic change

Question 62

Coarticulation

Answer 62

Two articulators are moving at the same time for different phonemes Ex: "soon" vs "seen"

Question 63

Suprasegmental

Answer 63

Stress, intonation, duration, juncture Features that are overlaid on syllables, words, and phrases and sentences

Question 64

Stress

Answer 64

The unit of stress is the syllable

Question 65

Lexical stress

Answer 65

Stress within words Ex: PER-mit vs. per-MIT

Question 66

Contrastive stress

Answer 66

"I want ICED coffee instead of HOT coffee."

Question 67

Sentence stress

Answer 67

Word that is emphasized in a sentence. Only content words can receive sentence stress.

Question 68

Three acoustic characteristic associated with stresses syllables

Answer 68

1. High f0 (increased tension on the VFs): greatest effect 2. Higher intensity 3. Greater duration

Question 69

Rise-Fall intonation

Answer 69

Declarative statements, commands, wh-questions, expressing surprise

Question 70

Rising intonation

Answer 70

Yes-no questions, reciting a list, incomplete sentences

Question 71

Motherese

Answer 71

Caregivers' modification to respond to their infants

Question 72

Acoustic characteristics of motherese (4)

Answer 72

1. High pitch 2. Dramatic intonation pattern 3. Slower (duration longer) 4. Vowels extended

Question 73

Intrinsic duration (3)

Answer 73

Diphthongs > Monophthongs Tense vowels > Lax vowels Continuant consonants>stop consonants

Question 74

Phrase-final

Answer 74

Lengthening at the ends of phrases and sentences

Question 75

Vowels before voiced consonants and in open syllables are...

Answer 75

Longer

Question 76

Longer consonant if...

Answer 76

Two phonemes occur right next to each other

Question 77

Juncture

Answer 77

Linking of syllables and words in connected speech

Question 78

External juncture

Answer 78

Short pause (commas) vs. long pause (period or semicolon)

Question 79

Internal juncture

Answer 79

Pause between words in the same into national phrase