Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
Waveform
A
time vs. amplitude
2
Q
Spectrum
A
amplitudes of frequency components at a point in time
3
Q
Spectrogram
A
time, frequency, and amplitude
4
Q
Sound sources of speech
A
voiced
turbulent
transient
combined
5
Q
Voiced source
A
- vocal fold vibration
- vowels, nasals, glides, liquids
6
Q
Turbulent source
A
- turbulent airflow through narrow constriction in the vocal tract
- aperiodic, hissing quality
- fricatives (/f, s, ʃ, θ, h/)
7
Q
Transient source
A
- abrupt changes in airflow due to a release of air pressure built-up behind a constriction in the vocal tract
- aperiodic
- Stops (/p, t, k/)
8
Q
Turbulent + Transient =
A
/tʃ/
9
Q
Voiced + Turbulent =
A
/z, v, ð, ʒ/
10
Q
Voiced + Transient =
A
/b, d, g/
11
Q
Voiced + Turbulent + Transient =
A
/dʒ/
12
Q
Semivowels
A
Glides and Liquids
13
Q
Glides occur only before a…
A
vocalic nuclei
14
Q
The palatal /j/ is produced at a position close to that for…
A
/i/
15
Q
The glide /w/ is produced at a position close to that for…
A
/u/
16
Q
Liquids can function as a…
A
syllabic consonant
17
Q
Closing Phase
A
- Velopharyngeal closure
- Occlusion formed by lips or tongue within the oral cavity
18
Q
Closure Phase
A
Holding the air in the vocal tract and increased intraoral pressure
19
Q
Release Phase
A
Orally released with a transient burst of noise
20
Q
A glottal stop is…
A
- Articulated at the glottis
- Voiceless
21
Q
What are the acoustic features of stop productions?
A
- Silent gap for stop closure period
- A noise burst
- Rise time and fall time
- Formant transition
22
Q
Labial stops: /p/ and /b/
A
- Weak and low frequency (around 300 Hz) burst energy
23
Q
Alveolar stops: /t/ and /d/
A
- Strong burst energy at high frequencies (around 3,000 Hz)
24
Q
Velar stops: /k/ and /g/
A
- Strong burst energy at mid frequencies
25
Semivowels are _______ consonants
Resonant (or sonorant)
26
Resonant Consonants
- Similar articulations and acoustic features with those of vowels
- Minimum constrictions in the vocal tract
27
Fricatives are _______ consonants
Nonresonant
28
Nonresonant Consonants
- Articulated with the airstream passing through a constriction formed in the vocal tract
29
Fricatives, three constrictions with four places of articulation:
1. labiodental
2. linguadental
3. alveolar
4. postalveolar
30
/f, v/ and /θ, ð/ have similar...
acoustic properties with similar articulation
31
/s, z/ and /ʃ, ʒ/ are...
sibilants with hissing quality
32
/s, z/ are articulated with...
the tongue tip approaching the alveolar ridge or with the tongue tip down behind the lower incisors forming the constriction between the blade of the tongue and the alveolar ridge.
33
/ʃ, ʒ/ (3)
1. the constriction is made at the postalveolar area
2. lip rounding is involved
3. a wider range of constrictions than that for /s, z/
34
The aspirate /h/
produced with a constriction at the glottis
35
Voiceless Fricatives:
/f, θ, s, ʃ/
36
VF strong frication:
/s/ and /ʃ/
37
VF weak frication:
/f/ and /θ/
38
Voiced Fricatives:
/v, ð, z, ʒ/
39
Alveolar fricatives have intense noise in the higher frequencies than palatal fricatives...T or F?
True
40
How many kHz for /s/?
above 4 kHz
41
How many hHz for /ʃ/?
around 2 kHz
42
Affricates (description)
burst + a short stop gap + frication
43
Nasals are _______ consonants
resonant
44
Nasals are articulated with...
the velum lowered and the nasal cavity open
45
The oral cavity is occluded at three places for /m, n, ŋ/
lips, alveolar ridge, and palatal
46
Silent gap
in case of voiced stops (b, d, g) the presence of a low intensity harmonic, the f0
47
Noise burst
- a vertical spike following the silent gap
| - more prominent for VL stops
48
Formant Transition
F1 rises rises rapidly after the release of initial stops. It falls rapidly before completion of the closure for the final stops
49
What are the three types of VOT
short lag, long lag, and prevoicing
50
Short lag
0-30ms
VL unaspirated stops
Voiced stops
51
Long lag
0-40ms +
VL aspirated stop
VL stops
52
Prevoicing
Voicing before release
| Before 0ms
53
Perception of Speech
"a specialized aspect of a general human ability to seek and recognize acoustic patterns"
Use of context cues to decode the acoustic message
54
Perception of Vowels (7)
1. More salient
2. High intensity w/ prominent resonances
3. Longer in duration
4. Use of F1 and F2 to identify each vowel
5. No steady-state formants
6. Patterns rather than the actual values of formant frequencies
7. Formant transitions
55
Perception of Semivowels (5)
1. Differentiated by more rapid formant transitions compared to vowels
2. F1 and F2 to perceive glides
3. F2 to distinguish /w/ from /j/
4. F1, F2, and F3 to perceive liquids
5. F3 to distinguish /r/ from /l/
56
Perception of Nasals (4)
1. Weakening of intensity in the upper formants due to anti-resonances
2. A resonance added below 500 Hz (nasal murmur)
3. Nasalization of vowels
4. Perception of place of articulation by formant transitions
57
Manner Cues of Stops (4)
1. Silent period due to occlusion
2. Stop release as a transient burst of noise
3. Rapid formant transition
4. Extension of formant transition makes stops perceived as glides
58
Place cues of stops (4)
1. The frequency of the most intense portion of the burst + F2 transition
2. Rapid F2 transition only
3. Locus frequency
4. F3 also serves as a cue
59
Locus Frequency for /b, d, g/
/b/ 720 Hz
/d/ 1,800 Hz
/g/ 3,000 Hz
60
Voicing Cues of Stops (4)
1. The presence or absence of voice bar during stop closure
2. The presence or absence of aspiration
3. VOT
4. F1 cutback (delay of F1 relative to F2 onset)
61
Manner cue of Fricatives
A relatively extended period of noise (frication)
62
Place cues of fricatives (3)
1. Spectral (frequency) differences
- Sibilants high inten; nonsibilants low inten
2. Intensity (amplitude) differences
3. Formant transitions
63
Fricatives voicing cues (3)
1. The presence or absence of phonation
2. The duration of frication relative to the duration of the preceding vowel
3. Reduced intensity for voiced fricatives
64
Perception of Affricates (2)
1. Acoustic cues found in both stops and fricatives
| 2. The silence, release burst, the frication, and formant transition together
65
Prosodic features: Primary cues
Fundamental frequency, amplitude, and duration (pitch, loudness, length)
66
Perception of intonation
Tracking pitch change
67
Perception of stress
Higher f0, greater duration and amplitude
68
Perception of internal juncture:
silence, vowel lengthening. the presence or absence of phonation or aspiration
69
Categorical perception
The tendency of listeners to perceive speech sounds varied along the continuum according to the phonemic categories of their native language
70
Infant Speech Perception: techniques
1. The sucking method (less than 4 months)
| 2. The head-turn technique (over 4 months)
71
The McGurk effect
A perceptual phenomenon that demonstrates and interaction between hearing and vision in speech perception
