new deal Flashcards
how did the indian organisation help NA economically
- encouraged women to take on higher economic role/higher education
how was the indian reorganisation act limited economically
limited self-determination for NA to economic matters
indian citizenship act
= 1924
- extended right to vote to NA
limitations of indian citizenship act 1924 for NA
- most NA didn’t want citizenship/right to vote
- intended to increase speed of assimilation
- citizenship didn’t restore sovereignty/nationhood
describe the meriam report
= 1928
- public awareness of NA treatment
- condemned governments allotment policy & concluded NA schools were underfunded/understaffed
- noted NA people were most impoverished in america
who supported the meriam report 1928
= president hoover
- appointed charles rhoades as commissioner for indian affairs (1928)
what did the meriam report 1928 lead to
= rhoades reforms 1929
- closed off-reservartion boarding schools
- replaced them with better schools on reservations
- improvements in medical facilities
limitations of rhoades reforms 1929 (result of meriam report 1928)
- reforms didn’t address problems of allotment policy &
- halted by great depression 1929
how did the indian reorganisation (wheeler-howard) act help NA
= 1934
- gave NA right to practise own religion = helped assert cultural identity (eg. hallucinatory drug peyote)
- right to undertake ceremonial dances/celebrations (reversed 1883 law)
- ability to prevent sale of NA land
- extension of political rights to women
- improved conditions on reservations (eg. built schools/hospitals)
- encouraged women to take greater economic role/higher education
- ended allotment policy
limitations of indian reorganisation (wheeler-howard) act 1934
- didn’t end assimilation
- funding intended to improve NA lives later allocated to WW2
- limited self-determination to economic matters
- didn’t lead to tribes becoming independent/self-sufficient
- short-lived
what did the 1938 census show
dramatic increase in life expectancy
who was the indian reorganisation (wheeler-howard) act largely credited to
= john collier
- commissioner for indian affairs
- made NA more involved in BIA
- offered vocational skills to women
- encourage economic venture/employment opportunities
- built hospitals/schools to improve reservations
what did many NA learn at school
attended local schools & learnt NA culture
what was provided to NA on reservations
- training to improve farming
- better medical facilities
what policy was abandoned
= allotment policy (introduced in 1887)
- further loss of land prevented
how did reservations improve politically
tribes on reservations led by tribal councils
how did NA lives not improve socially
- NA lost identity/pride & often depended on government for food
- attacks on culture further weakened NA position (eg. dance order = banned them practising traditional dances)
- NA position further undermined by policy of termination after WW2 (benefits from indian reorganisation act often short-lived)
- any gains mainly short-term & limited by financial demands of WW2
how did NA not improve politically
idea of separate federal courts for NA abandoned
overall, the new deal…
- policy of assimilation continued but examples of change from degradation of culture/land seen in gilded age
- horrific treatment of NA’s mostly acknowledged on federal level & individuals (eg. collier) who sought to replenish lost culture/ideals
- assimilation remained & many urbanised
- benefits short-lived due to WW2
