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us civil rights: native americans 1865-1992 > black power ('red power') > Flashcards

black power ('red power') Flashcards

1
Q

how did NA benefit economically during black power

A

NA workers benefitted from 1968 affirmative action of johnson (developed by nixon) which prohibited discrimination in federally funded employment

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2
Q

benefits of johnson’s ‘forgotten americans’ speech 1968 to NA

A
  • proposed national council on indian opportunity
  • helped children get education funded by government
  • provided legal aid to NAs & helped them understand their rights
  • developed later by nixon who ended policy of termination
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3
Q

how did urbanisation help preserve NA culture

A

grouped in ghettos = fought to preserve heritage

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4
Q

what did young NA’s pursue

A

return to ‘native sovereignty’ = power to live according to tribal laws & religion

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5
Q

describe the siege of alcatraz

A

= 1969

  • covered by world media & raised awareness of treatment of NAs
  • resulted in many NAs getting more say in government policy & control over lives/reappraisal of government policy
  • important in bringing NA together & uniting them in their struggle
  • increased awareness of need for solidarity if NAs were to achieve goal of ‘native sovereignty’
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6
Q

limitations of siege of alcatraz 1969

A
  • brought NA publicity but some argue struggle was counterproductive & went against NA beliefs
  • violence split movement (some opposed methods) which further limited their impact
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7
Q

when was AIM established

A

1968

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8
Q

aims of AIM

A
  • tackle discrimination of young NA
  • established group to patrol streets & monitor police activities
  • resulted in decline in number of arrests/imprisonment of young NA (NA population in local jails dropped ~60%)
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9
Q

protests in 1970s by NAs

A

1971: occupation of mount rushmore (dakota) - sacred burial ground of lakota

1972: AIM took over bureau of indian affairs (washington DC)
- aimed to draw attention to treaties previous US governments had broken with NAs
- gained further publicity (during presidential election)
- role in influencing policies of nixon

1973: occupation of wounded knee
- site of lakota massacre 1890
- aim to draw attention to unemployment rates among NA (~50%), poor life expectancy (46 years) & high suicude/alcoholism

1975: pine ridge reservation
- 2 FBI agents & protestor dead
- member of AIM found guilty of murder but appeal court blamed killings on overreaction of authorities

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10
Q

indian education act

A

= 1972

  • increased federal funding for schools & built reservation schools
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11
Q

acts by ford (developed from ford)

A

indian self determination act & education assistance act 1975:
- radical change of policy towards NA
- assimilation abandoned giving tribes responsibility over tribal matters

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12
Q

why was the indian self determination act & education assistance act 1975 limited

A
  • relied on federal funding which was slow & cut due to economic crisis
  • cut back further by reagan who believed in ‘native capitalism’ for self-sufficiency
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13
Q

how was progress towards self-determination & self-sufficiency continued under carter

A
  • native american religious freedom act 1975 = express/exercise traditional religious rights
  • indian child welfare act 1978 = prevented forceful removal of NA children from families
  • 30 states passed law protecting NA burial grounds/remains
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14
Q

how much did NA population rise 1970-1990

A

1970 = ~800,000
1990 = 1.8 million

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15
Q

how did urbanisation help NA politically

A

able to witness impact of civil rights movement & began to develop own groups (led to developments later on in period)

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16
Q

what demonstrated beginning of militant process by NAs

A

creation of national indian youth council 1961

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17
Q

limitations of national indian youth council 1961

A

slow progress & guided by assimilated NA

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18
Q

what group was a manifestation of ‘red power’

A

american indian movement (AIM)

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19
Q

describe AIM in regards to black power

A
  • emergence potentially influenced by greatest militancy among civil rights movement
  • much more aggressive in 1960/70s
20
Q

limitations of AIM

A

divisions as some NA didn’t believe it represented best interests of NA

21
Q

what meant NA protest was more successful

A

increased unity

22
Q

how did black power potentially influence NA

A
  • aimed to bring unity to AA which may have encouraged NA to abandon trivial divisions which lessened their impact
  • ‘red power’ exerted pressure on government & encouraged presidents (eg. ford, carter, nixon) to pass legislation
23
Q

what were NA encouraged to pursue

A

more pressurising policy (influenced by black power) & abandon NCAI

24
Q

similarities between black/red power

A
  • ‘red power’ taken directly from black power & tactics mirrored movement
  • emphasised pride among NA culture
25
nixons speech 1970 & his actions
- speech heavily criticised treatment of NAs since 19th century - appointed mohawk indian louis bruce jr as CIA - authorised return of land to makah indians (1970) - many NAs who'd lost status due to termination policy regained rights/given access to federal courts - NAs given preference in employment in BIA in 1972 = greater involvement in administration of federal funding
26
what was established 1970 to defend NA rights
= native american rights fund (NARF)
27
what did the native american rights fund (NARF) do
- pressured SC - raised issues including: restoring tribal sovereignty, restoring tribal lands, reinstating tribes that had been terminated & right to worship freely - combination of pressure from NARF & willingness of SC to uphold rights which resulted in considerable progress for NA
28
how did the supreme court help NA: oneida v. oneida & madison counties
= 1974 - oneida tribe brought case to SC to sue for the return of their lands - court decided in favour of tribe - result was an increase in number of actions taken by tribes to regain lands
29
how did the supreme court help NA: fisher v. montana
= 1976 - SC decision meant that in the future tribal courts would decide on adoption of NA children - previously were forcibly removed from their families as part of assimilation policy - significant decision & further move towards recognition of tribal courts
30
how did the supreme court help NA: united states v. sioux nation
= 1980 - SC ruled one of the major tribes was entitled to significant compensation for loss of lands - encouraged others to pursue compensation for land lost in the black hills of dakota - lakota awarded $17.5 million compensation & 5% interest a year since 1877 (gave them another $106 million) - however, they rejected compensation & preferred return of land instead
31
how did the supreme court help NA: seminole tribe v. butterworth
= 1982 - SC gave seminole tribe the right to establish gambling enterprises on tribal land - this went against state law, but in doing so ruled that NA had their own rights on their own land
32
how did the supreme court help NA: charrier v. bell
= 1986 - SC ruled that the remains dug from burial grounds in louisiana belonged to the NA - as a result, states passed laws protecting NA burial grounds
33
how did the economic position of NA not improve
- policy of termination from 1953 drastically worsened NA position - by 1968, NA had highest unemployment & literacy rate in US - many NA were poor = lived in substandard housing, life expectancy was poor & many forced to return to reservations (deteriorating due to ending of new deal funding)
34
indian vocational training act
= 1956 - lured young NAs away from reservations by providing employment opportunities/financial support - encouraged NAs to be more self-sufficient
35
unemployment rate in 1968 for NA
18%
36
how many NAs classified as poor in 1960
~25%
37
how many NA returned to reservations
~50%
38
how the the policy of termination impact NA way of life
made all NAs citizens = ended recognition of tribes/treaties
39
how many NAs moved to urban areas for work in 1960
over 60,000
40
life expectancy for NA
44 years (20 years below national average)
41
what did NA still want
wanted back their land & self-determination (not assimilation)
42
process of restoring lands
- process was slow - some tribes did regain it - however, compensation mainly offered instead which most tribes didn't want (eg. lakota) - still disputed
43
education/employment levels of NA
- well below national average by 1992 - poorest element in nation
44
how were NA not influenced by black power
- already more united in resistance to government after WW2/policy of termination (didn't need inspo of black power) - already NA pressure groups gaining success in civil rights - government also established bodies (eg. indian claims commission) - militancy already feature of some NA pressure groups (eg. national indian youth council) - developments in protest movement simply response to wide developments in US society (attitudes towards variety of social groups changing - seen in views of presidents eg. kennedy, johnson 'great society') - militancy was direct response to condition many NA found themselves in after moving to urban areas (ghettos made it easier to organise pressure groups)
45
overall, black power..
- until 1970, witnessed decline in position of NA as nothing significant achieved/policy of termination but did create conditions necessary from which they could move forward & bring an end to the policy of assimilation - shift to termination policy/urbanisation potentially disastrous to assimilation as those who returned to reservations were able to retain culture/way of life - by 1968, evident that united front would ensure struggle for justice, freedom & independence would be fruitful - 1970-78 saw greatest advancement in NA rights

us civil rights: native americans 1865-1992 (3 decks)

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