NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS AND CELL DEATH COPY

Question 1

IN THE EMBRYO THE ……………… OF A TARGET CORRELATES WITH THE …………….. OF INNERVATION

Answer 1

SIZE

AMOUNT

Question 2

VIKTOR HAMBURGER PERFORMED AN EXPERIMENT ON A GRASSHOPPER EMRBYO LIMB BUD
WHAT DID REMOVAL OF A LIMB BUD SEE
WHAT DID ADDITION OF A LIMB BUD SEE

Answer 2

REMOVAL = LESS NEURONS
ADDITION = MORE NEURONS -THERE ARE NOT MORE CELLS BUT LESS CELL DEATH

Question 3

WHAT DOES THE VIKTOR HAMBURGER EXPERIMENT ON A GRASSHOPPER EMRBYO LIMB BUD SHOW

Answer 3

SUGGESTS THE TARGET IS PROVIDING A TROPHIC SUPPORT TO CELLS - THESE EFFECTS ARE DUE TO CHANGES IN CELL DEATH

Question 4

WHAT IS THE NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR HYPOTHESIS

Answer 4

1. NEURONS ARE PRODUCED IN EXCESS OF NEED AND ELIMINATED OVER TIME
2. NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS EMANATE FROM TARGETS TO PROMOTE SURVIVAL ACCORDING TO TISSUE SIZE

Question 5

CELL DEATH IS A LARGE PART OF DEVELOPMENT FIRST SHOWN IN WHAT MODEL ORGANSIMS

Answer 5

C ELEGANS

CED GENES

Question 6

WHAT ARE THE TWO CLASSES OF GENES INVOLVED IN CELL DEATH

Answer 6

ANTI APOPTOTIC GENES

PRO APOPTOTIC GENES

Question 7

WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF A PRO APOPTOTIC GENE

Answer 7

CASPASE 9

Question 8

WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF AN ANTI APOPTOTIC GENE

Answer 8

BCL2

Question 9

WHAT ARE THE TWO CLASSES OF CASPASE

Answer 9

INITIATOR CASPASE

EXECITIONER CASPASE

Question 10

WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF AN INITIATOR CASPASE

Answer 10

CASPASE 9

Question 11

WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF AN EXECUTIONER CASPASE

Answer 11

CASPASE 1

Question 12

WHAT IS NERVE GROWTH FACTOR

Answer 12

A FACTOR INVOLVED IN THE REGULATION OF GROWTH, MAINTENANCE AND SURVIVAL OF CERTAIN TARGET NEURONS

Question 13

IN A CAMPENOT CHAMBER WHAT HAPPENS TO THE CELLS WITH NGF IN THE INNER AND OUTER CHAMBER

Answer 13

THEY SURVIVE

Question 14

IN A CAMPENOT CHAMBER WHAT HAPPENS TO THE CELLS WITH NO NGF IN THE INNER AND OUTER CHAMBER

Answer 14

THE CELLS RETRACT

Question 15

WHAT CAN WE CONCLUDE ABOUT NGF

Answer 15

IT IS TROPHIC AND TROPIC

Question 16

WHAT IS TROPHIC

Answer 16

REFERS TO GROWTH

Question 17

WHAT IS TROPIC

Answer 17

REFERS TO GUIDANCE

Question 18

NGF BELONGS TO WHAT FAMILY

Answer 18

NEUROTROPHINS

Question 19

WHAT OTHER NEUROTROPHINS ARE THERE

Answer 19

BDNF
NT3
NT4/5

Question 20

WHEN NGF BINDS TO A …………… CONE, IT IS …………………….. AND TRANSPORTED BACK TO THE ………….. BODY. THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF …………………….. TRANSPORT.

Answer 20

GROWTH
INTERNALISED
RETROGRADE

Question 21

DORSAL ROOT ……………………… CELL BODIES TAKE UP NGF AND ITS RECEPTOR ………………… EVEN WHEN NGF IS ADMINISTERED ONLY INTO THE ………………

Answer 21

GANGLION
TRK A
AXON

Question 22

WHAT IS TRK A

Answer 22

TROPOMYSON RECEPTOR KINASE A IS THE RECEPTOR FOR NGF

Question 23

WHAT DOES TRK A ACTIVATE

Answer 23

LIGAND INDUCED DIMERIZATION
AUTOPHOSPHORYLATION
FORMS SIGNALLING ENDOSOME THAT TRANSPORTS TO OTHER REGIONS ACTIVATING
MAP KINASE PATHWAY - TRANSCRIPTION
AKT PATHWAY - INHIBITION OF APOPTOSIS

Question 24

WHAT KIND OF AFFINITY IS A TRK A RECEPTOR

Answer 24

HIGH AFFINITY

Question 25

WHAT IS THE P75- NTR

Answer 25

LOW AFFINITY RECEPTOR THAT CAN PROMOTE CELL DEATH OR CELL SURVIVAL

Question 26

WHAT BIND TO P75 NTR TO PROMOTE CELL DEATH

Answer 26

PRO FORM OF NEUROTROPHIN

Question 27

WHAT BINDS TO P75 NTR TO PROMOTES CELL SURVIVAL

Answer 27

NEUROTROPHINS IN MATURE FORM

Question 28

THE NEUROTROPHINS BIND TO DIFFERENT .................... AND ARE REQUIRED FOR SURVIVAL OF DIFFERENT .........................

Answer 28

RECEPTORS | NEURONS

Question 29

WHAT RECEPTOR DOES NT3 BIND TO

Answer 29

TRK C

Question 30

WHAT RECEPTOR DOES BDNF BIND TO

Answer 30

TRK B

Question 31

WHAT RECEPTOR DOES PRO-NGF AND PRO-BDNF BIND TO

Answer 31

P75 NTR

Question 32

WHAT NEUROTOPHIN LIGANDS CAN BIND TO P75 NTR

Answer 32

ALL OF THEM

Question 33

THERE IS A DIFFERENTIAL DEPENDENCE BETWEEN NEURON ................... AND NEUROTROPHINS AS WELL AS ......................... DEPENDENCY PROFILES; NEURONS CAN BE DEPENDENT ON ................................... OF NEUROTROPHINS.

Answer 33

TYPES SPECIFIC COMBINATIONS

Question 34

WHAT DEPENDENCY DO NEWLY BORN NEURONS HAVE ON NEUROTROPHINS AND HOW DOES THAT CHANGE

Answer 34

INITIALLY NO DEPENDENCY NT3 SUPPORTS MANY NEURONAL TYPES IN EARLY DEVELOPMENT ARRIVAL OF TARGET OFTEN COINCIDES WITH NEW EXPRESSION OF NEURTROPHIC FACTORS BY TARGET

Question 35

OTHER FACTORS CAN BE NEUROTROPHIC AND CAN ACTIVATE THE SAME PATHWAYS WHAT OTHER NT FACTORS ARE THERE

Answer 35

``` GLIA DERIVED NT FACTORS CYTOKINE DERIVED CILIARY HEPATOCYTE MACROPHAGE STIMULATING ```

Question 36

CELL DEATH HELPS WITH WHAT DURING DEVELOPMENT

Answer 36

REMOVAL OF TRANSIENT STRUCTURES SUCH AS SCAFFOLDS HELPS EXUBERANT GROWTH BY PRUNING WHAT IS NOT NEEDED HELPS DIFFERENTIATION

Question 37

WHAT DOES PRUNING INVOLVE

Answer 37

SPECIFIC CYTOSKELETAL DESTRUCTION, BLEBBING AND FRAGMENTATION

Question 38

IN AXONS DEPRIVED OF NGF, WHAT PROTEIN BINDS TO DEATH RECEPTOR 6.

Answer 38

AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN

Question 39

WHAT DOES AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN BINDING WITH DEATH RECEPTOR 6 INITIATE

Answer 39

CASPASE 6

Question 40

IN WHAT CONDITION DO WE COMMONLY SEE AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN

Answer 40

ALZHEIMERS

Question 41

DR6 HAS AN INTRACELLULAR DEATH DOMAIN WHICH CAN DIRECTLY START ........................ MEDIATED CELL DEATH. P75 NTR ALSO HAS A DEATH DOMAIN BUT IT INITIATES CELL DEATH IN THE ..................... OF A LIGAND.

Answer 41

CASPASE | ABSENCE