neurotransmitters in relation to movement disorders

Question 1

striatum

Answer 1

caudate and putamen ( lateral to caudate

BG - lateral to your lateral ventricles ( grey matter)

Question 2

globus pallidus

Answer 2

external and internal

Question 3

BG

Answer 3

striatum

globus pallidus STN and SN

Question 4

the BG has two perception pathways involved in motor control the direct pathway does

Answer 4

increase motor activity

In the direct pathway, the cerebral cortex sends excitatory projections to the striatum.

Then, the striatum sends inhibitory projections to the internal globus pallidus.

Then, the internal globus pallidus sends inhibitory projections to the thalamus, which is usually in an active state.
if striatum inhibtis the internal globes pallidus then the internal globus pallidus cannot inhibit the motor thalamus so the two negative cancel out. As a result the thalamus if free to send excitatory signals to the motor cortex and initiate voluntary mvoemtns.

Question 5

the indirect pathway does what

Answer 5

decrease motor activity

cerebral cortex sends excitatory signals to the striatum which then inhibits the ext globus pallidus and then inhibits the STN so that then stimulates the globus pallidus which then inhibits the motor thalamus to less motor activity occurs
net outcome

Question 6

dopamine is produced where

Answer 6

substantia nigra - pars compacta

Question 7

dopamine excites the direct pathway via what receptors

Answer 7

D1

Question 8

dopamine inhibits the indirect pathway via what receptors

Answer 8

D2 receptors

Question 9

what is the net effect of DA in the regulation of movement

Answer 9

increases motor activity

Question 10

in Parkinsons loss of dopamanergic neurones causes decreased motor activity explains hyperkinetic symptoms - what are they

Answer 10

akinesia - no movement

bradykinesia - slow movement

Question 11

treatment for PD

Answer 11

DA agonists - L-dopa
DA reuptake inhibitors

Deep brains simulation
inhibition STN , Inhibition of GPi

Question 12

cholingeric interneurones within the striatum inhibit the stratal cells of the what pathway

Answer 12

direct pathway and excite the stratal cells of the indirect pathway

opposite to dopamine

Question 13

huntingtons disease is associated to loss of what

Answer 13

cholinergic interneurones in the striatum - these neurones normally turn down motor activity

Question 14

what is the effect of AcH at the level of BG

Answer 14

decrease motor activity

Question 15

cholinergic interneurones einhiebt the DP and activate the IP by turning down motor activity. how does huntigntons disease affect motor activity

Answer 15

increases motor activity

this explains the hyperkinetic symptoms

Question 16

tetrabenazine is an inhibitor of DA uptake into synaptic vesicles of presynaptic membrane so less DA is released from the substantia nigra.
Where does tetrabenazine act

Answer 16

striatum