Neurotransmitters and their receptors part II Flashcards
In the CNS catecholamines act as?
Neuromodulators
Catecholamines do not evoke EPSP and IPSP, they are responsible for?
How much larger or smaller EPSP and IPSP are.
Specific effects of catecholamines depends on?
- Receptor subtype
- Intracellular signaling pathways activated
- Brain area/ circuitry
- Type of postsynaptic cell
Rate-limiting enzyme is synthesis of all what?
Catecholamines
What are factors that induce increases in catecholamine synthesis? (up regulate)
- Stress
- Caffeine
- Nicotine
- Morphine
What are factors that induce increases in catecholamine synthesis? (Down regulate)
-Antidepressant
Dopamine is responsible for? (SUBSTANTIA NIGRA AND VTA)
- Movement/motor disorders (parkinson)
- Rewards/motivation
- Addiction
- Schizophrenia
Norepinephrine is responsible for? (LOCUS COERULEUS)
- Attention
- Wakefulness
- Stress
- Pain inhibition
- ADHD
Epinephrine is responsible for ? (MEDULLA)
- Modulates hormone secretion from hypothalamus/pituitary
- Stress
- Fight or Flight
- Autonomic regulation
Parkinson’s disease is a loss of ?
DA Neurons
Positive and negative reinforcement in addiction is due to?
When the drug taken induces pleasurable state you are more likely to repeat drug use. When drug reliefs you from distress thats negatively reinforces the use of it.
Drug use is both?
Rewarding and reinforcing
Addictive drugs target the reward circuit in the brain which includes the dopaminergic projection from where?
Ventral Tagmental Area (VTA)
Repeated use of addictive drug can produce unwanted changes in the brain that leads to?
Tolerance
sensitization
Addiction
Definition of Dependence?
Is an adaptive state that develops in response to repeated drug administration; upon cessation of drug use this adaptive state may lead to withdrawal symptoms
Definition of Tolerance?
Refers to the diminished effect of a drug after repeated administration at the same dose, or the need to increase the dose to produce the same effect;
Sensitization is when?
The opposite response of tolerance.
Medial Forebrain bundle
Contains DA,NE, and 5-HT fibers.
**ICCS was used as a mapping tool for defining boundaries of the reward system.
Drug of abuse typically releases
_______ times the amount of dopamine that natural rewards do.
2 to 10 times
*VTA area in the case of addiction and DA
VMAT is responsible for?
Vesicular monoamine transporter
DAT is responsible for?
Dopamine transporter
COMT is responsible for?
Enzyme that degrades all catecholamines
MAO does what?
Monoamine oxidase and degrades all monoamines
**Located both intra and extracellularly
inhibiting MAO would?
- Increases availability of DA
- Treatment for depression and parkinson’s disease.
Cocaine blocks
Dopamine transporter (DAT)
- blocks dopamine re-uptake
- increases lifetime of DA in synaptic cleft.
Amphetamines increase and blocks what re-uptake?
Dopamine release and blocks dopamine re-uptake
** It enters presynaptic terminal via DAT and release dopamine. Making dopamine transporters work in reverse.
Noradrenaline (Adrenaline) is packed into vesicles by?
VMAT (vesicular monoamine transporter)
What is Noradrenaline (and adrenaline) re-uptake?
NET (Norepinephrine transporter)
What is used to degrade Noradrenaline (Adrenaline)?
MAO (monoamine oxidase)
Noradrenaline (and Adrenaline) post-synaptically on 2 types pf G-coupled receptors. what are they?
α- and β-adrenergic receptors
SNRIs increase spinal NE leading to enhanced presynaptic inhibition of?
pain afferents (alpha2) and enhanced activation of spinal GABAergic neurons (alpha1)
The SNRI duloxetine is effective for diabetic ________.
Neuropathy pain
