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B6W1 > NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND BRAIN PATHWAY > Flashcards

NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND BRAIN PATHWAY Flashcards

1
Q

What are neurotoxins?

A

toxins that are destructive to nerve tissue

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2
Q

what are the 2 types of neurotransmitters?

A

small molecule neurotransmitters

(amino acids/monoamines/gases) and neuropeptides

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3
Q

describe the process of synthesising small molecule neurotransmitters

A

enzymes are synthesised in the cell body and are transported slowly down the axon. neurotransmitters are synthesised and packaged at the presynaptic terminal.

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4
Q

describe the process of synthesising peptide transmitters?

A

neurotransmitters precursors and enzymes are synthesised in the nucleus in the cell body and ae transported down microtubule tracts to the axon terminal where enzymes modify pre-peptides to produce peptide neurotransmitters,

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5
Q

what is co-transmission?

A

when a neuron releases more than one neurotransmitter

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6
Q

what neurotransmitters are released in low frequency stimulation?

A

release of small neurotransmitters

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7
Q

what neurotransmitters are released in high frequency stimulation?

A

releases neuropeptides and small neurotransmitters

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8
Q

what is the criteria that makes a chemical messenger a neurotransmitter?

A
  1. chemical must be synthesised and present in a neurone
  2. when released the chemical must produce a response in a target cell
  3. there must be a mechanism for removal after the chemicals work is done
  4. specific receptors for the chemical must be present on the postsynaptic cell
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9
Q

what do cholinergic neurones contain?

A

acetylcholine

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10
Q

what do catecholaminergic neurones contain?

A

noradrenaline/adrenaline/dopamine

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11
Q

what is an inotropic receptor?

A

5 subunits which form an ion channel. the gating is regulated by an agonist binding allosterically to the receptor.

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12
Q

what is a metabotropic receptor?

A

a receptor that uses signal transduction mechanisms e.g. G-protein coupled receptor

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13
Q

what are the receptors for ACh?

A

nicotinic (sympathetic)

muscarinic (parasympathetic)

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14
Q

what is ACh needed for?

A

learning, memory, sleep, arousal, aggression. biorhythms, thermoregulation, sexual behaviour

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15
Q

how can ACh be broken down?

A

by acetylcholinesterase into acetic acid and choline

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16
Q

what are the 3 amino acid neurotransmitters?

A

glutamate
GABA
glycine

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17
Q

what is glutamate important for?q

A

normal brain function. they are excitatory

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18
Q

where does glutamate come from?

A

glutamine using glutaminase.

19
Q

where is released glutamate uptaken?

A

presynaptic terminal and glial cells using glutamate transporters

20
Q

what are the types of glutamate receptors?

A

AMPA, NMDA and kainite. there are also some metabotropic receptors

21
Q

how is GABA formed?

A

from glutamate via glutamic acid decarboxylase

22
Q

what are GABAergic neurones for?

A

they’re the main source of inhibition

23
Q

when GABA is released, how is it uptown again?

A

transporters on the presynaptic terminal and glial cells uptake it.

24
Q

describe valium’s/diazepam’s mechanism of action?

A

interacts with the GABA receptor to increase the influx of Cl- ions into the neuron to hyperpolarise it and inhibit any action potentials. This is great at calming you down and is used for anxiety.

25
Q

what can be used to treat epilepsy?

A

Diazepam as it enhances inhibition and prevents the uncontrolled excitation. Sodium valproate can also be used to increase GABA content of the brain

26
Q

what does glycine act on?

A

brain stem and spinal cord

27
Q

describe glycine action in motor neurones?

A

glycine provides inhibition of muscle tone that balances the excitation of muscle tone provided by other neurotransmitters.

28
Q

what are the 3 catecholamines?

A

noradrenaline
adrenaline
dopamine

29
Q

how can catecholamines be broken down?

A

They can be degraded either by methylation by catechol-O-methyltransferases (COMT) or by deamination by monoamine oxidases (MAO)

30
Q

how is dopamine produced?

A

tyrosine is converted to L-Dopa by tyrosine hydroxylase and L-Dopa is converted to dopamine by dopa decarboxylase

31
Q

what are the D1 like receptors?

A

D1 and D5

32
Q

what are the D2-like receptors?

A

D2, D3 and D4

33
Q

how is noradrenaline formed?

A

dopamine can be converted to noradrenaline via dopamine beta-hydroxylase

34
Q

what do decreases and increases of noradrenaline cause?

A 
decrease= depression
increases= mania
35
Q

what is serotonin also known as?

A

5-HT

36
Q

what is serotonin synthesised from? where can you get this in the diet?

A

tryptophan

meat and dairy products

37
Q

what are serotonergic neurones important for?

A

mood
emotional behaviour
sleep

38
Q

what re-uptakes serotonin?

A

serotonin transporter (SERT)

39
Q

what are the serotonin receptors? what types are they?

A

5HT 1-7

all metabotrophic apart fro 5-Ht3 which is ionotropic

40
Q

describe the breakdown of serotonin?

A

It is broken down by MAO and oxidised to 5-HIAA.

In pineal gland 5-HT is further metabolised to Melatonin (sleep stimulator)

41
Q

what are the drugs called that inhibit serotonin transporters?

A

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

42
Q

what are neuromodulators?

A

substances that do not directly activate ion-channel receptors but that, acting together with neurotransmitters, enhance the excitatory or inhibitory responses of the receptors

43
Q

what’s an example of a peptide neurotransmitter?

A

substance P

B6W1 (6 decks)

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