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Psych 275 > Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Neurotransmitters Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the one class of large neurotransmitters called?

A
  • neuropeptides
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2
Q

What are the four widely studied amino acid neurotransmitters?

A
  1. Glutamate
  2. Aspartate
  3. Glycine
  4. Gamma- aminobutyric acid (GABA)
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3
Q

What is the most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS.

A

glutamate

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4
Q

What is the most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS?

A
  • GABA
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5
Q

What are four types of monoamine transmitters?

A
  1. Dopamine
  2. Epinephrine
  3. Norepinephrine
  4. Serotonin
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6
Q

Which monoamine transmitters are catecholamines?

A

Dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine

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7
Q

Which monoamine transmitters are indolamines?

A

Serotonin

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8
Q

What amino acid is dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine synthesized from and how?

A

The are synthesized initially by tyrosine that attaches to an L-dopa making dopamine and the dopamine attaches onto an enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine and then another enzyme attaches to norepinephrine and converts it to epinephrine

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9
Q

How is serotonin synthesized?

A

By amino acid tryptophan

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10
Q

What are neurons that release norepinephrine called?

A

Noradrenergic

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11
Q

What are neurons that release epinephrine called?

A

Adrenergic

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12
Q

How is acetylcholine made?

A

By adding an acetyl group to a choline molecule

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13
Q

Where is acetylcholine normally released?

A
  • neuromuscular junctions or ANS
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14
Q

What enzyme breaks down acetylcholine in the synapse?

A

Alcetylcholinestrase

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15
Q

What are neurons that release acetylcholine called?

A

Cholinergic

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16
Q

What are the two classes of unconventional neurotransmitters?

A
  • soluble gas neurotransmitters

- endocannsbinoids

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17
Q

What does the soluble gas neurotransmitters include? Why is it difficult to study?

A
  • nitric oxide and carbon monoxide.

- difficult to study because they only exist for a few seconds

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18
Q

What are endocannaboinoids and what are they made of?

A
  • similar to THC found in marijuana
  • most commonly studied is called Anandamide which have an effect on presyanptic neurons by inhibiting synaptic transmission
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19
Q

What are the five categories of neuropeptides?

A
  1. Pituitary peptides –> neuropeptides as hormones released by pituitary
  2. Hypothalamic peptides –> neuropeptides as hormones released by hypothalamus
  3. Brain-gut peptides –> neuropeptides released in the gut
  4. Opioid peptides –> neuropeptides similar to structure of active ingredient in opium
  5. Miscellaneous peptides –> neuropeptide transmitters that don’t fit into any of the 4 mentioned above
20
Q

What are the two effects that drugs can have on synaptic transmission?

A
  1. They can facilitate the effects of a particular neurotransmitter –> Agonists
    OR
  2. They can inhibit the effects of a particular neurotransmitter –> antagonists
21
Q

What are the seven general steps common to neurotransmitter process?

A
  1. Synthesis of NT
  2. Storage in vesicles
  3. Breakdown of any NT that leaks from vesicles
  4. Exocytosis
  5. Inhibitory feed back via auto receptors
  6. Activation of post synaptic receptors
  7. Deactivation
22
Q

What effect does an agonistic drug have on synaptic transmission?

A
  1. Increases synthesis of NT
  2. Increases number of NT by destroying degrading enzymes
  3. Increases release of NT
  4. Blocks inhibitory effect of autoreceptors
  5. Binds to post synaptic receptors and activates them or increases the effect on them to NTs
  6. Blocks deactivation
23
Q

How does an antagonistic drug effect synaptic transmission?

A
  1. Blocks synthesis of NT
  2. Causes NT to leak from vesicles
  3. Blocks release of NT from vesicles (stops exocytosis)
  4. Activates autoreceptors
  5. Acts as a receptor blocker by binding to post synaptic receptors
24
Q

What are the two neurotransmitters that can bind to acetylcholine receptors?

A
  1. Nicotine

2. Muscarine

25
Q

What are the general properties of nicotine?

A
  • found in tabacco
  • formed by nicotinic receptors
  • located in PNS and CNS
  • near junctions between motor neurons and muscle fibre
  • functions ioniotropically
26
Q

What are the general properties of muscarine?

A
  • poisonous substance found in some mushrooms
  • formed by muscarinic receptors
  • found in PNS and CNS
  • located in the autonomic nervous system
  • function metabotropically
27
Q

What is atropine?

A
  • receptor blocker that has an antagonist effect on acetylcholine release by binding to muscarinic receptors in the ANS
  • causes disruptive effects to memory
28
Q

What is curare?

A

Curare is an antagonist drug to acetylcholine release by blocking the release of it and instead releasing nicotine
- causes a block in the transmission at neuromuscular junctions therefore, paralyzing recipients and killing them by blocking respiration

29
Q

What is botox?

A
  • also another nicotinic antagonist

- blocks the release of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions

30
Q

What is the main ingredient in opium?

A

Morphine.

31
Q

Where does morphine bind to in the brain and what does it do?

A
  • morphine hangs around the cerebral aqueduct which is the connection between the third and fourth ventricles near the midbrain. this area is called periaqueductal gray (PAG)
  • highly addictive
32
Q

What are endogenous opioids and what are two classes of them?

A
  • endogenous opioids are naturally occurring opioids that have been discovered in our bodies
  • the first class is enkephalins
  • the second class is endorphins
  • they are all neuropeptides (large) and all of their receptors are metabotropic
33
Q

What conclusion is made between how schizophrenia and parkingson’s disease are linked?

A
  • parkingsons results as a breakdown of the pathway of dopamine from the substantia nigra to the striatum (in the basal ganglia system which controls movement) –> therefore a drug that could treat parkingsons has to be agonistic to dopamine
  • schizophrenia is said to be caused by too much dopamine in the D2 dopamine receptors. –> therefore, a drug that could treat schizophrenia would be antagonistic to dopamine
34
Q

What are the four classes of small-molecule neurotransmitters?

A

the three conventional ones are:

  1. Amino acids
  2. Monoamines
  3. Acetylcholine

The unconventional ones are:
4. Unconventional neurotransmitters

35
Q

What enzyme is involved with the synthesis of acetyl choline?

A

Choline acetyl-transferase

36
Q

What enzyme breaks down acetylcholine?

A

Acetylcholine esterase

37
Q

What enzyme makes GABA?

A

Glutamic acid decarboxylase makes gaba from glutamic acid

38
Q

What enzyme makes L-Dopa from tyrosine?

A

Tyrosine hydroxylase

39
Q

What enzyme makes dopamine from L-dopa?

A

L-dopa decarboxylase

40
Q

What enzyme makes norepinephrine from dopamine?

A

Dopa beta hydroxylase

41
Q

What enzyme makes epinephrine from norepinephrine?

A

Phenylethanol -N- amine methyl transferase (PNMT)

42
Q

What enzyme makes 5-hydroxytryptamine?

A

Tryptophan hydroxylase

43
Q

What is the role of fluoxetine on the brain?

A

Inhibits 5-HT reuptake (anti depressent)

44
Q

What is the effect of busiprone on 5HT.

A

Stimulates release of receptor subtypes of serotonin

45
Q

What is dale’s principle?

A

The idea that one neuron has only one neurotransmitter (not true, one neuron has a small molecule NT and a neuropeptide)

46
Q

What is quantal theory?

A

The idea that every vesicle contains the same amount of neurotransmitters in a neuron

Psych 275 (5 decks)

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