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Neurotransmitters Flashcards

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1
Q

how do ionotropic receptors work?

A

Na+ influx=excitation
Cl- influx= inhibition

neurotransmitter binds to transmembrane portion

fast response

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2
Q

examples of ionotropic receptors

A

NMDA, nicotinic Ach, 5HT-3, GABA-A

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3
Q

how to G protein coupled receptors work?

A

-Action: they directly lead to gene transcription.

-uses second messenger system:
1. neurotransmitters bind on external site
2.receptor transforms
3. activates 3 G proteins
4. activates an enzyme
5. creates a second messenger (cAMP or IP3)
6. activates protein kinase
7. phosphorylates (activates) transcription factor
8. binds to an inactive gene to activate it.
9. RNA is transcribed and makes proteins

SLOW response

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4
Q

Examples of G-protein coupled receptors

A

Ach, catecholamines (NE, Epi, DA), peptides, and serotonin

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5
Q

how do receptor tyrosine kinases work?

A

action: synaptic plasticity

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6
Q

how does GABA work?

A

opens Cl- channels and hyperpolarizes/inhibits the cell

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7
Q

dopamine release in what structure represents common final event associated with reinforcing effects of opiates, cocaine, amphetamines, nicotine, PCP, and alcohol?

A

nucleus accumbens

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8
Q

in addiction, dopaminergic neurons project to nucleus accumbens. cell bodies of these neurons are located where?

A

ventral tegmental area

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9
Q

neurohormone for social bonding

A

oxytocin

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10
Q

hormone surge for orgasm

A

oxytocin

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11
Q

role of glycine at NMDA receptor

A

obligate coagonist

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12
Q

which neurotransmitter system is the last to mature in the CNS of children and adolescents?

A

cholinergic

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13
Q

a compound that increases muscle mass by increasing episodic secretion of GH:

A

gamma hydroxybutyrate

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14
Q

which neurotransmitters are predominantly inhibitory ?

A

GABA and glycine

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15
Q

neurochemical that reinforces effects of drugs of abuse acutely

A

dopamine

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16
Q

decreased level of what neurotransmitter is associated with depressed mood, poor sleep, poor impulse control, and affective aggression?

A

serotonin

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17
Q

name the rate limiting enzyme in the synthesis of norepinephrine and dopamine

A

tyrosine hydroxylase

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18
Q

metabolite of what hormone modulates GABA-A, seen in depression?

A

progesterone

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19
Q

neurotransmitter that is downregulated in ventral striatum in someone with persistent pain?

A

dopamine

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20
Q

pain by neurogenic inflammation is mediated by?

A

substance P

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21
Q

there is increased activity of this substance in MDD regardless of treatment modality

A

BDNF

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22
Q

cation antagonist at NMDA receptor

A

magnesium

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23
Q

receptor critical for long term potentiation

A

NMDA receptor

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24
Q

neuronal death caused by NMDA receptor stimulation is due to:

A

excessive calcium influx resulting in mitochondrial caspase activation

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25
blocking which neuropeptide receptor provides analgesia?
nociception
26
neurotransmitter with highest affinity for human CB-1 receptor:
anandamide
27
how do steroids impact the hippocampus?
decrease AMPA glutamate signaling
28
predominant site of endocannabinoid receptor CB1?
presynaptic membrane
29
this peptide released into the GI tract conveys feeling of satiety after food intake:
cholecystokinin
30
L-methylfolate helps with depression by increasing production of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine by increasing what?
tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)
31
molecular mechanism for ethanol intoxication:
NMDA antagonism; GABA agonism
32
IV ketamine is antagonism of which neurotransmitter system?
NMDA
33
intubated, agitated patient with delirious sx. which neurotransmitter is associated with AMS?
acetylcholine
34
neurotransmitter that stimulates AMPA receptors:
glutamate
35
neurotransmitter in sleep-promoting neurons of ventrolateral preoptic neucleus:
GABA-A
36
what neurotransmitter system is involved in sexual arousal?
dopamine
37
highest concentration of 5HT producing cells in the brain
raphe nuclei
38
dopamine and what else regulates reward circuitry?
GABA
39
cerebellar purkinje cells release what neurotransmitter?
GABA
40
neurotransmitter precursor to melatonin?
serotonin
41
what area of the body has the most serotonin?
GI tract
42
what neurotransmitters have been associated with anxiety?
norepinephrine
43
positive allosteric modulators of neurotransmitter-gated, multimeric ion channels do what?
increase probability of opening in presence of a ligand
44
where are the major clusters of cell bodies containing serotonin in the brain?
raphe nucleus of brain stem
45
principal mechanism of termination of synaptic activity of dopamine in prefrontal cortex?
diffusion
46
opiates inhibit cAMP-dependent protein phosphorylation in:
locus coeruleus
47
neurotransmitter maintain consistent levels with age
serotonin
48
which neurotransmitters are reduced in quantity, uptake, and turnover in spasticity?
glycine and GABA
49
the cognitive enhancement associated with experimental D-cycloserine treatment in pts with schizophrenia has been attributed to enhancement of NMDA receptor activity by which of the following neurotransmitters?
glycine
50
neurotransmitter associated with reward and reinforcement in nicotine dependence:
dopamine
51
prostaglandin D2 increases extracellular levels of:
adenosine
52
which is a retrograde neurotransmitter?
endocannabinoids
53
neurotransmitter not stored in synaptic vesicles but made de novo?
endocannabinoids
54
characteristics of Ach receptors in cerebral cortex?
both inhibitory and excitatory
55
low CSF levels of this neurotransmitter metabolites is associated with suicidality:
5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA)
56
what is the 5HT3 receptor classification
ligand gated (ionotropic)
57
psych stress increases cortisol and prolonged cortisol is associated with bad outcomes. stress also affects other hormones. increase in which hormone is correlated with decreased PTSD severity most likely due to hormones anti-glucocorticoid properties?
DHEA
58
which hormone is diffused rather than directly released from vesicles?
dehydroepiandrosterone DHEA
59
Activation of this receptor is likely responsible for anti-anxiety, motorimpairment, and sedative hypnotic effects of alcohol:
GABA-A
60
Neurotransmitter regulating sleep and wakefulness:
HISTAMINE
61
During REM sleep what neuron ceases firing?
HISTAMINE
62
What neurotransmitter is thought to play a key role in fine-tuning working memory function in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex?
DOPAMINE
63
Changes in tyrosine hydroxylase levels would affect what type of neurons?
DOPAMINERGIC
64
Blockade of which receptor causes sedation and weight gain side effects for antipsychotics and antidepressants?
HISTAMINE
65
What neurotransmitter present in the periaqueductal gray matter is involved in the mediation of pain?
ENDORPHINS
66
Which neurotransmitter, IF dysfunctional, most replicates core symptoms of schizophrenia?
GLUTAMATE
67
Which receptor does BDNF activate?
TROPOMYOSIN RECEPTOR KINASE B
68
Orexin is associated with what basic function?
SLEEP
69
Receptor class that characteristically has multiple protein subunits and is capable of rapid response to generate synaptic energy potentials:
IONOTROPIC
70
Neurotensin interacts with which neurotransmitter system?
DOPAMINE
71
Serotonin subtype modulated by alcohol:
5HT-3
72
Neuropeptide involved with panic disorder:
CHOLECYSTOKININ
73
GABA-A receptor activation leads to what ion movement?
CL- EFFLUX HYPERPOLARIZES THE NEURON
74
Ghrelin is synthesized and released primarily by what?
STOMACH AND SMALL INTESTING
75
Ketamine’s rapid antidepressant effect through this neurotransmitter
GLUTAMATE
76
Hormone involved in osmoregulation, food intake, and female sexual behaviors:
OXYTOCIN

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