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PRITE > Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

how do ionotropic receptors work?

A

Na+ influx=excitation
Cl- influx= inhibition

neurotransmitter binds to transmembrane portion

fast response

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2
Q

examples of ionotropic receptors

A

NMDA, nicotinic Ach, 5HT-3, GABA-A

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3
Q

how to G protein coupled receptors work?

A

-Action: they directly lead to gene transcription.

-uses second messenger system:
1. neurotransmitters bind on external site
2.receptor transforms
3. activates 3 G proteins
4. activates an enzyme
5. creates a second messenger (cAMP or IP3)
6. activates protein kinase
7. phosphorylates (activates) transcription factor
8. binds to an inactive gene to activate it.
9. RNA is transcribed and makes proteins

SLOW response

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4
Q

Examples of G-protein coupled receptors

A

Ach, catecholamines (NE, Epi, DA), peptides, and serotonin

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5
Q

how do receptor tyrosine kinases work?

A

action: synaptic plasticity

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6
Q

how does GABA work?

A

opens Cl- channels and hyperpolarizes/inhibits the cell

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7
Q

dopamine release in what structure represents common final event associated with reinforcing effects of opiates, cocaine, amphetamines, nicotine, PCP, and alcohol?

A

nucleus accumbens

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8
Q

in addiction, dopaminergic neurons project to nucleus accumbens. cell bodies of these neurons are located where?

A

ventral tegmental area

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9
Q

neurohormone for social bonding

A

oxytocin

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10
Q

hormone surge for orgasm

A

oxytocin

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11
Q

role of glycine at NMDA receptor

A

obligate coagonist

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12
Q

which neurotransmitter system is the last to mature in the CNS of children and adolescents?

A

cholinergic

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13
Q

a compound that increases muscle mass by increasing episodic secretion of GH:

A

gamma hydroxybutyrate

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14
Q

which neurotransmitters are predominantly inhibitory ?

A

GABA and glycine

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15
Q

neurochemical that reinforces effects of drugs of abuse acutely

A

dopamine

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16
Q

decreased level of what neurotransmitter is associated with depressed mood, poor sleep, poor impulse control, and affective aggression?

A

serotonin

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17
Q

name the rate limiting enzyme in the synthesis of norepinephrine and dopamine

A

tyrosine hydroxylase

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18
Q

metabolite of what hormone modulates GABA-A, seen in depression?

A

progesterone

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19
Q

neurotransmitter that is downregulated in ventral striatum in someone with persistent pain?

A

dopamine

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20
Q

pain by neurogenic inflammation is mediated by?

A

substance P

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21
Q

there is increased activity of this substance in MDD regardless of treatment modality

A

BDNF

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22
Q

cation antagonist at NMDA receptor

A

magnesium

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23
Q

receptor critical for long term potentiation

A

NMDA receptor

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24
Q

neuronal death caused by NMDA receptor stimulation is due to:

A

excessive calcium influx resulting in mitochondrial caspase activation

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25
Q

blocking which neuropeptide receptor provides analgesia?

A

nociception

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26
Q

neurotransmitter with highest affinity for human CB-1 receptor:

A

anandamide

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27
Q

how do steroids impact the hippocampus?

A

decrease AMPA glutamate signaling

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28
Q

predominant site of endocannabinoid receptor CB1?

A

presynaptic membrane

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29
Q

this peptide released into the GI tract conveys feeling of satiety after food intake:

A

cholecystokinin

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30
Q

L-methylfolate helps with depression by increasing production of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine by increasing what?

A

tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)

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31
Q

molecular mechanism for ethanol intoxication:

A

NMDA antagonism; GABA agonism

32
Q

IV ketamine is antagonism of which neurotransmitter system?

A

NMDA

33
Q

intubated, agitated patient with delirious sx. which neurotransmitter is associated with AMS?

A

acetylcholine

34
Q

neurotransmitter that stimulates AMPA receptors:

A

glutamate

35
Q

neurotransmitter in sleep-promoting neurons of ventrolateral preoptic neucleus:

A

GABA-A

36
Q

what neurotransmitter system is involved in sexual arousal?

A

dopamine

37
Q

highest concentration of 5HT producing cells in the brain

A

raphe nuclei

38
Q

dopamine and what else regulates reward circuitry?

A

GABA

39
Q

cerebellar purkinje cells release what neurotransmitter?

A

GABA

40
Q

neurotransmitter precursor to melatonin?

A

serotonin

41
Q

what area of the body has the most serotonin?

A

GI tract

42
Q

what neurotransmitters have been associated with anxiety?

A

norepinephrine

43
Q

positive allosteric modulators of neurotransmitter-gated, multimeric ion channels do what?

A

increase probability of opening in presence of a ligand

44
Q

where are the major clusters of cell bodies containing serotonin in the brain?

A

raphe nucleus of brain stem

45
Q

principal mechanism of termination of synaptic activity of dopamine in prefrontal cortex?

A

diffusion

46
Q

opiates inhibit cAMP-dependent protein phosphorylation in:

A

locus coeruleus

47
Q

neurotransmitter maintain consistent levels with age

A

serotonin

48
Q

which neurotransmitters are reduced in quantity, uptake, and turnover in spasticity?

A

glycine and GABA

49
Q

the cognitive enhancement associated with experimental D-cycloserine treatment in pts with schizophrenia has been attributed to enhancement of NMDA receptor activity by which of the following neurotransmitters?

A

glycine

50
Q

neurotransmitter associated with reward and reinforcement in nicotine dependence:

A

dopamine

51
Q

prostaglandin D2 increases extracellular levels of:

A

adenosine

52
Q

which is a retrograde neurotransmitter?

A

endocannabinoids

53
Q

neurotransmitter not stored in synaptic vesicles but made de novo?

A

endocannabinoids

54
Q

characteristics of Ach receptors in cerebral cortex?

A

both inhibitory and excitatory

55
Q

low CSF levels of this neurotransmitter metabolites is associated with suicidality:

A

5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA)

56
Q

what is the 5HT3 receptor classification

A

ligand gated (ionotropic)

57
Q

psych stress increases cortisol and prolonged cortisol is associated with bad outcomes. stress also affects other hormones. increase in which hormone is correlated with decreased PTSD severity most likely due to hormones anti-glucocorticoid properties?

A

DHEA

58
Q

which hormone is diffused rather than directly released from vesicles?

A

dehydroepiandrosterone DHEA

59
Q

Activation of this receptor is likely responsible for anti-anxiety, motorimpairment,
and sedative hypnotic effects of alcohol:

A

GABA-A

60
Q

Neurotransmitter regulating sleep and wakefulness:

A

HISTAMINE

61
Q

During REM sleep what neuron ceases firing?

A

HISTAMINE

62
Q

What neurotransmitter is thought to play a key role in fine-tuning
working memory function in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex?

A

DOPAMINE

63
Q

Changes in tyrosine hydroxylase levels would affect what type of
neurons?

A

DOPAMINERGIC

64
Q

Blockade of which receptor causes sedation and weight gain side
effects for antipsychotics and antidepressants?

A

HISTAMINE

65
Q

What neurotransmitter present in the periaqueductal gray matter is
involved in the mediation of pain?

A

ENDORPHINS

66
Q

Which neurotransmitter, IF dysfunctional, most replicates core
symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

GLUTAMATE

67
Q

Which receptor does BDNF activate?

A

TROPOMYOSIN RECEPTOR KINASE B

68
Q

Orexin is associated with what basic function?

A

SLEEP

69
Q

Receptor class that characteristically has multiple protein subunits
and is capable of rapid response to generate synaptic energy
potentials:

A

IONOTROPIC

70
Q

Neurotensin interacts with which neurotransmitter system?

A

DOPAMINE

71
Q

Serotonin subtype modulated by alcohol:

A

5HT-3

72
Q

Neuropeptide involved with panic disorder:

A

CHOLECYSTOKININ

73
Q

GABA-A receptor activation leads to what ion movement?

A

CL- EFFLUX HYPERPOLARIZES THE NEURON

74
Q

Ghrelin is synthesized and released primarily by what?

A

STOMACH AND SMALL INTESTING

75
Q

Ketamine’s rapid antidepressant effect through this neurotransmitter

A

GLUTAMATE

76
Q

Hormone involved in osmoregulation, food intake, and female sexual
behaviors:

A

OXYTOCIN

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