Neurophysiology

Question 1

Which cell type secretes innate pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF alpha and IL-1B in patient s with inflammatory conditions that affect the brain?

Answer 1

microglia

Question 2

cortical synaptic remodeling characteristic of normal adolescence is also believed to be associated with what neurobiological change?

Answer 2

preferential loss of excitatory synapses

Question 3

disruption of cortical areas that form the salience network leads to impaired functioning of what?

Answer 3

detection of relevant stimuli

Question 4

relaxation state in biofeedback shows decreasing

Answer 4

skin conductance

Question 5

how do inflammatory cytokines contribute to depression?

Answer 5

increases serotonin reuptake transporters (opposite of SSRIs)

Question 6

which cells form neural circuits and scavenge for debris in the brain?

Answer 6

microglia

Question 7

hormone released from adipose tissues, enters the brain, and provides negative feedback/reduces food intake, regulates fat stores:

Answer 7

leptin

Question 8

where is ghrelin synthesized and released?

Answer 8

enteroendocrine cells in the proximal small intestine and stomach

Question 9

process of calcium mediated long lasting increase in AMPA receptor signal transmission

Answer 9

long-term potentiation

Question 10

what does the hypothalamus secreted when you are stressed?

Answer 10

corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

Question 11

the rapid learning demonstrated by children during the school age years is paralleled neurodevelopmentally by which of the following brain processes?

Answer 11

increase in white matter

Question 12

the most important feature of post-natal brain development is an increase in what?

Answer 12

number of dendritic and axonal processes

Question 13

what occurs when the CNS responds to acute cortical insult?

Answer 13

microglia processes retract and the cell body enlarges

Question 14

hormone released during sleep that doesn’t have circadian rhythm pattern:

Answer 14

growth hormone

Question 15

neuronal plasticity for learning and memory is best accounted for by:

Answer 15

synaptic connectivity

Question 16

microglial propagation of cytokines with associated decreased physical activity in response to a peripheral infection is a positive or negative effect of the neuroinflammatory response?

Answer 16

positive

Question 17

potent neuroprotective factor preventing neuronal cell death (apoptosis)

Answer 17

pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide

Question 18

what type of receptor is a glucocorticoid receptor?

Answer 18

nuclear

Question 19

how estrogen modulates effects on neuroinflammation:

Answer 19

decreased inflammatory cutokines

Question 20

relationship between estrogen and depression during menopausal transition?

Answer 20

rapidity of change in estrogen corrected with the development of depression

Question 21

which of the following is in highest concentration in women: cortisol, estrogen, progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, adrenocorticotropic hormone?

Answer 21

dehydroepiandrosterone

Question 22

what do you call a modulator that enhances receptor function when an agonist is present but does not directly activated the receptor?

Answer 22

positive allosteric modulator

Question 23

nicotinic acetylcholine receptor associated with reward properties of nicotine

Answer 23

alphaAbeta2

Question 24

what happens to LH levels in postmenopausal women?

Answer 24

it increases

Question 25

a primary effect of inflammatory cytokines

Answer 25

increased production of CRH

Question 26

decrease in what immune factor has evidence in its role in MDD?

Answer 26

natural killer cell activity

Question 27

hormone associated with more and frequent eating:

Answer 27

ghrelin

Question 28

role of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Answer 28

working memory

Question 29

function of protoplasmic astrocytes

Answer 29

support of axons in white matter

Question 30

function of oligodendrocytes

Answer 30

formation of myelin sheaths around CNS axons