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Neurotransmitters Flashcards

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1
Q

Deficit associated with Parkinson’s disease excess associated with schizophrenia

A

Dopamine

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2
Q

Related to the experience of pleasure and reward

A

Dopamine

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3
Q

Abnormally high levels in some parts of the brain have been linked to schizophrenia

A

Dopamine

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4
Q

Synthesized by a part of the brain called the substantia Niagara or or black substance

A

Dopamine

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5
Q

Follows pathways that lead either to the nucleus accumbens or the basal ganglia

A

Dopamine

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6
Q

Is released when a person enjoys their food, falls in love, or listens to their favorite song

A

Dopamine

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7
Q

Related to Parkinson’s disease

A

Dopamine

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8
Q

Involved in motor control and planning

A

Dopamine

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9
Q

Activation of receptors leads to eating when hungry, drinking when thirsty, and having sex when aroused

A

Dopamine

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10
Q

Addictive drugs may serve as agonists of this transmitter

A

Dopamine

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11
Q

Cocaine blocks the reputable of this transmitter into presynaptic resiles

A

Dopamine

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12
Q

Involved in controlling voluntary muscle movements

A

Dopamine

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13
Q

Olds and Milner found rats will press a lever for hours to stimulate regions retaliated to this transmitter

A

Dopamine

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14
Q

Drugs to treat schizophrenia often inhibit production of this chemical

A

Dopamine

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15
Q

Maybe the primary mechanism by which alcohol interferes with motor coordination

A

GABA

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16
Q

Is the most widely distributed inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system

A

GABA

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17
Q

Abnormal functioning may lead to epileptic seizures

A

GABA

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18
Q

Works to hyper-polarize post synaptic membranes

A

GABA

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19
Q

Benzodiazepines assist this chemical in binding with one of its primary receptors

A

GABA

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20
Q

Has the opposite effect of glutamate

A

GABA

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21
Q

Extremely important in the regulation of anxiety

A

GABA

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22
Q

Ethyl alcohol makes people feel relaxed and less inhibited by increasing production of this transmitter

A

GABA

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23
Q

Xanax and Valium work by increasing production of this chemical

A

GABA

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24
Q

Reduces the likelihood that postsynaptic neurons will fire an action potential

A

GABA

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25
Q

Malfunctioning of this system is related to Huntington’s disease, dementia, and epilepsy

A

GABA

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26
Q

Tranquilizers and barbiturates increase this transmitter’s anxiety - controlling effect

A

GABA

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27
Q

Is the same chemical as the hormone noradrenaline

A

Norepinephrine

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28
Q

Increases mental arousal and alertness

A

Norepinephrine

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29
Q

Leads to physical arousal - increases heart rate and blood pressure

A

Norepinephrine

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30
Q

Unusually low levels of this chemical are related to ADHD

A

Norepinephrine

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31
Q

Triggers physiological Arouca, particularly in dangerous situations

A

Norepinephrine

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32
Q

Related to anxiety, fear, and emotional arousal

A

Norepinephrine

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33
Q

Especially important for vigilance, a heightened sensitivity to what is going on around you

A

Norepinephrine

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34
Q

Occurs in both the central and peripheral nervous system - contributing to arousal in both places

A

Norepinephrine

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35
Q

Closely related to epinephrine (adrenaline)

A

Norepinephrine

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36
Q

Approximately half of all this chemical in the brain is located in the cells of the locus coeruleus

A

Norepinephrine

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37
Q

Involved in the wakefulness and sleep, in learning , and in the regulation of mood

A

Norepinephrine

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38
Q

Involved in complex mental processes such as learning ,memory, and dreaming

A

Acetylcholine

39
Q

Diminished functioning is associated with Alzheimer’s disease

A

Acetylcholine

40
Q

Agonists of this chemical may enhance memory

A

Acetylcholine

41
Q

Botulism inhibits the release of this chemical and leads to trouble breathing and chewing ( possibly leading to death)

A

Acetylcholine

42
Q

Toxins that mimic this chemical can cause temporary paralysis

A

Acetylcholine

43
Q

Rats show increased activity of this chemical while learning to discriminate in stimulus from another

A

Acetylcholine

44
Q

Patients with Alzheimer’s disease show depletion of this chemical

A

Acetylcholine

45
Q

The first neurotransmitter discovered

A

Acetylcholine

46
Q

This chemical is found in all motor neurons

A

Acetylcholine

47
Q

All movement involves this transmitter

A

Acetylcholine

48
Q

Is important in learning, memory, and general intellectual functioning

A

Acetylcholine

49
Q

The poison curare prevents this transmitter from binding to receptors (paralysis)

A

Acetylcholine

50
Q

Is normally prevalent in the hypothalamus, a structure involved in the formation of memories

A

Acetylcholine

51
Q

Availability of this chemical is inversely related to memory formation

A

Acetylcholine

52
Q

This chemical allows us to walk, talk, and blink

A

Acetylcholine

53
Q

The venom of the Black Widow spider causes receptors to be flooded (severe muscle contractions)

A

Acetylcholine

54
Q

A sharp reduction in the supply of this neurotransmitter causes Alzheimer’s disease

A

Acetylcholine

55
Q

This chemical elevates mood and reduces pain

A

Endorphins

56
Q

Is responsible for the “runners high” athletes sometimes report after a prolonged period of exercise

A

Endorphins

57
Q

The contraction of endogenous morphine’s

A

Endorphins

58
Q

The analgesic effect of this chemical allows humans to perform better when they’re in pain

A

Endorphins

59
Q

Morphine is an agonist for this chemical

A

Endorphins

60
Q

The transmitter largely responsible for the placebo effects

A

Endorphins

61
Q

Associated with euphoric moods

A

Endorphins

62
Q

This chemical inhibits the release of substance P

A

Endorphins

63
Q

Premenstrual pain is associated with low levels of this transmitter

A

Endorphins

64
Q

Levels of this transmitter rise in response to vigorous exercise

A

Endorphins

65
Q

Related to the posture effects of acupuncture

A

Endorphins

66
Q

Is the same chemical as the hormone adrenaline

A

Epinephrine

67
Q

Is involved in anxiety, fear, and emotional arousal (adrenaline rush)

A

Epinephrine

68
Q

Is produced in the brain and the adrenal glands (adrenaline rush)

A

Epinephrine

69
Q

Is found primarily in the body, and causes a burst of energy

A

Epinephrine

70
Q

Closely related to norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

A

Epinephrine

71
Q

Increases blood pressure by increasing heart rate and blood flow

A

Epinephrine

72
Q

Increases ANS activity; fight or flight

A

Epinephrine

73
Q

Is found primarily in the body, although small amounts are in the brain (initially called adrenaline)

A

Epinephrine

74
Q

Is the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain

A

Glutamate

75
Q

It is used by more neurons than any other neurotransmitter

A

Glutamate

76
Q

Synapses for this neurotransmitter are especially plentiful in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus

A

Glutamate

77
Q

Overactivity of this transmitter is the main cause of brain damage during a stroke

A

Glutamate

78
Q

This transmitter can “excite neurons to death”

A

Glutamate

79
Q

It may be the root of all learning

A

Glutamate

80
Q

The MSG in Chinese food activates receptors for this transmitter

A

Glutamate

81
Q

It opens sodium gates in postsynaptic membranes and cause depolarization

A

Glutamate

82
Q

Receptors for this chemical aid learning and memory, by strengthening synaptic connections

A

Glutamate

83
Q

This chemical facilitates migration of neurons to different sites in the brain (early development)

A

Glutamate

84
Q

It plays a major role in the ability of the brain to “strengthen “ it’s synaptic connections

A

Glutamate

85
Q

Is a neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of mood, sleep, eating, arousal, and pain

A

Serotonin

86
Q

A decrease in this transmitter is common in sever depression

A

Serotonin

87
Q

SSRIs increase the duration of activation of this chemical in the synapses by blocking reuptake

A

Serotonin

88
Q

It’s especially important for emotional states, impulse control, and dreaming

A

Serotonin

89
Q

Low levels of this transmitters are associated with sad and anxious moods, food cravings, and aggressive behavior

A

Serotonin

90
Q

Is somewhat retaliated or like norepinephrine (both affect sleep and mood)

A

Serotonin

91
Q

Low levels of this chemical are common in suicide victims

A

Serotonin

92
Q

Related to depressed mood, self-directed aggression, and impulsivity

A

Serotonin

93
Q

It appears to be related to arousal and sleep as well as to the regulation of mood, appetite, and sensitivity to pain

A

Serotonin

94
Q

Zoloft, Paxil, and Prozac all work to inhibit the reuptake of this chemical

A

Serotonin

Psych (4 decks)

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