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Pharm > Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 “fast response” type of receptors?

A

Ion Receptors, G protein coupled receptors

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2
Q

What are the 2 “slow response” type of receptors?

A

Enzyme linked transmembrane receptors, Intracellular receptors

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3
Q

What are examples of ligand gated ion receptors?

A

Nicotinic receptors, NMDA, GABA

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4
Q

What kind of receptor do local anesthetics work on?

A

Voltage-sensItive ion channel

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5
Q

What type of receptor is the most abundant in the body?

A

G-protein coupled receptors

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6
Q

How does a G-protein coupled receptor work and what are some examples?

A

The receptor activates or inhibits an enzyme, it uses a second messenger system to work at an effector protein to target the ion channel or a target receptor. Ex: hormones, catecholamines, opioids, anticholinergics, antihistamines

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7
Q

In both the PNS and SNS, you will see _____ interact with a ______ receptor

A

acetylcholine, nicotinic

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8
Q

What two substances come together to make acetylcholine? What substance is located within the synapse?

A

AcetylCoA and Choline, choline acetyltransferase

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9
Q

Acetylcholine is stored in ____ until the neuron fires

A

vesicles

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10
Q

After traveling to the post synaptic membrane, what does acetylcholine break down in to? What is the substance that breaks it down?

A

Choline and acetate, acetylcholinesterase

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11
Q

What type of receptors are nicotinic receptors? Where are they located?

A

Ligand gated, neuromuscular junction, autonomic ganglia, and CNS

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12
Q

What are 3 agonists of nicotinic receptors?

A

Acetylcholine, succinylcholine, nicotine

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13
Q

What type of receptor are muscarinic receptors?

A

G-protein coupled

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14
Q

What are muscarinic receptors stimulated by? Blocked by?

A

Stimulated: acetylcholine, muscarine. Blocked: atropine, scopolamine, pilocarpine.

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15
Q

What does stimulation of muscarinic receptors do?

A

Salivary and sweat gland secretion, pupillary constriction, increased GI peristalsis, slows SA and AV nodes. (parasympathetic effects)

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16
Q

Where is dopamine synthesized?

A

CNS neurons

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17
Q

Where is Epi and Norepi synthesized?

A

second-order neurons of the SNS in the adrenal medulla. Norepi also in CNS neurons

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18
Q

How many subgroups are there of muscarinic receptors?

A

5, M1-M5

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19
Q

What are the two receptors classes of dopamine?

A

D1-like, D2-like

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20
Q

What subclasses are in D1-like dopamine class? What do they do?

A

D1, D5. Increase cAMP (by a second messenger system)

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21
Q

What are the subclasses in the D2-like dopamine class? What do they do?

A

D2, D3, D4, decrease cAMP

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22
Q

What are the central functions of dopamine?

A

memory, problem solving, reward-pleasure, inhibition of prolactin secretion, fine control of movement, nausea and vomiting (chemoreceptor trigger zone)

23
Q

What are the peripheral functions of dopamine?

A

Coronary and renal vasodilation

24
Q

What are agonists of dopamine receptors and what are their side effects?

A

Dopamine, L-dopa. Side effects: Euphoria, psychosis, orthostatic hypotension, nausea

25
Q

What are antagonists of dopamine receptors and what are their side effects?

A

Haloperidol, other antipsychotics, antiemetics (metaclopramide, droperidol) Side effects: parkinsonism (tremors, extrapyramidal reactions), hyperprolactinemia

26
Q

What are the two classes of adrenergic receptors?

A

alpha and beta

27
Q

How many classes does each have? Alpha: Beta:

A

Alpha: 2, Beta: 3

28
Q

What is histamine synthesized from? Which 3 locations?

A

histadine. CNS, Immune cells (basophils & mast cells), GI tract (mast cells in stomach)

29
Q

How many types of receptors does Histamine have?

A

3, H1, H2, H3

30
Q

Where are H1 receptors located and what do they do? What are examples of antagonists?

A

located on vascular smooth muscle and in CNS
Dilate vascular smooth muscle, constrict bronchial smooth muscle (think allergic rxn)
Antagonists: diphenhydramine, loratadine

31
Q

Where are H2 receptors located and what do they do? What are examples of antagonists?

A

Located in stomach, they increase acid secretion. Antagonists: famotidine

32
Q

Where are H3 receptors located and what do they do?

A

presynaptic reduction in further histamine release

33
Q

Serotonin is found in the ____ nucleus in the brainstem and projects to other regions of the brain to regulate ____, ____, and ____.

A

Raphe

mood, cognition, sleep

34
Q

____ is the only serotonin receptor that is ligand gated. It causes _____.

A

5HT3, nausea

35
Q

What medication is a serotonin antagonist?

A

ondansetron (antiemetic)

36
Q

What is Substance P?

A

An amino peptide produced from pain in the CNS and PNS

37
Q

What are substance P receptors?

A

Neurokinin receptors, NK1, NK2, NK3

38
Q

Substance P blocked in the ___ and ____ will reduce nausea through the ______.

A

gut and the CNS, CTZ (chemoreceptor trigger zone)

39
Q

What are the 6 neurotransmitters associated with PONV? (technically one is not a NT)

A

Dopamine, Serotonin, Acetylcholine, Histamine, Substance P, Opioids.

40
Q

What is the primary brain excitatory neurotransmitter?

A

Glutamate

41
Q

What is the primary spinal cord excitatory neurotransmitter?

A

Aspartate

42
Q

Which neurotransmitter is the most prominent in the brain?

A

Glutamate

43
Q

T or F: Glutamate is charged so it does not cross the blood-brain barrier

A

True

44
Q

All glutamate is synthesized from _____, which crosses the blood brain barrier.

A

Glutamine

45
Q

What is a glutamate receptors important to anesthesia?

A

NMDA

46
Q

NMDA requires co-activation with ____ and ____

A

glutamate and glycine

47
Q

What are 2 NMDA antagonists?

A

Nitrous and Ketamine

48
Q

What is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain? (2nd most abundant)

A

GABA

49
Q

What is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord?

A

Glycine

50
Q

Where is GABA synthesized? What is it converted from?

A

Pre-synaptic neuron, converted from Glutamine (goes from excitatory NT to an inhibitory NT)

51
Q

What is allosteric regulation?

A

Binding of a drug or chemical at a site DIFFERENT that increases the affinity for GABA to bind and react.

52
Q

What are some positive allosteric modulators?

A

Propofol, Benzos, Sterioids, Barbituates

53
Q

What is a negative allosteric modulator?

A

Flumazenil

Pharm (12 decks)

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