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Neuroscience I > Neurotransmitter Systems Lecture (Dr. Karius) > Flashcards

Neurotransmitter Systems Lecture (Dr. Karius) Flashcards

1
Q

What is produced almost exclusively in the MIDLINE RAPHE NUCLEI?

A
  • Serotonin
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2
Q

An autoimmune response that destroys the neurons of the TUBEROMAMMILLARY NUCLEUS is most likely to directly DECREASE release of which Neurotransmitter?

A
  • Histamine
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3
Q

What is the Correct order of Synthesis of the Monamines derived from Tyrosine?

A

1) Dopamine
2) Norepinephrine
3) Epinephrine

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4
Q

Neurons which release which Neurotransmitter as their Primary Transmitter are also likely to release measurable quantities of DOPAMINE and NOREPINEPHRINE?

A
  • EPHINEPHRINE
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5
Q

Dopamine

A

CENTRAL LOCATION:

  • Basal Ganglia
  • VTA

FUNCTIONS:

  • Motor Control
  • Pleasures
  • Consciousness

IONOTROPIC RECEPTORS:
- None

METABOTROPIC RECEPTORS:
- D1, D2, D3

OTHER
- TYROSINE Derivative

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6
Q

Norepinephrine

A

CENTRAL LOCATION:
- Pons/ Brainstem

FUNCTIONS:
- Wakefulness

IONOTROPIC RECEPTORS:
- None

METABOTROPIC RECEPTORS:
- ALPHA and BETA Adrenergics

OTHER
- TYROSINE Derivative

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7
Q

Epinephrine

A

CENTRAL LOCATION:
- Brianstem

FUNCTIONS:
- Wakefulness

IONOTROPIC RECEPTORS:
- None

METABOTROPIC RECEPTORS:
- ALPHA and BETA Adrenergics

OTHER
- TYROSINE Derivative

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8
Q

Serotonin

A

CENTRAL LOCATION:
- Brainstem (RAPHE NUCLEUS)

FUNCTIONS:
- Mood, Wakefulness

IONOTROPIC RECEPTORS:
- 5HT3 (VOMITING)

METABOTROPIC RECEPTORS:
- Multiple: 5HT6 (MOOD)

OTHER
- TRYPTOPHAN Derivative

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9
Q

Histamine

A

CENTRAL LOCATION:
- Hypothalamus

FUNCTIONS:
- Waking

IONOTROPIC RECEPTORS:
- None

METABOTROPIC RECEPTORS:
- H1 and H2

OTHER
- HISTIDINE Derivative

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10
Q

Acetylcholine: Central Location

A
  • Midbrain
  • Pond
  • The Striatum
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11
Q

Acetylcholine: General Functions

A
  • Crucial in producing Consciousness, but not awareness (Brain AROUSAL Mechanisms)
  • Control of VOLUNTARY MOTION
  • Initiation of REM Sleep
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12
Q

Acetylcholine: Vesicular Storage

A
  • ACh sotred in CLEAR VESICLES

- Moved into Vesicles by the Vesicular ACh Transporter Protein (VAChT)

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13
Q

Acetylcholine: Catabolism

A
  • ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE (Aka true or specific Cholinesterase) is bound to the Post-Synaptic Cell Membrane
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14
Q

Acetylcholine Receptors

MUSCARINIC

A

MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS:
- Four or Five different types, all activated by MUSCARINE

  • SERPENTINE Receptors
  • G Protein Coupled

Receptors:
1) M1 (Neuronal): INCR IP3/ DAG (Gq) —> INCR Ca2++

2) M2 (Cardiac): DECR cAMP (Gi) —> INCR K+ Efflux
3) M3 (Smooth Muscle of Bronchi, Vasculature; Endothelial Cells of Vasculature (NO)): INCR IP3/ DAG (Gq) —> INCR Ca++
4) M4 (Glands): DECR cAMP
5) MARKGENDI5: INCR IP3/ DAG

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15
Q

Acetylcholine Receptors

NICOTONIC

A

Nicotinic Receptors:

  • Located at:
    a) NMJ
    b) Autonomic Ganglia
    c) Other parts of the CNS

5 Subunits: (16 Genes)

  • Alpha (1 - 9 Genes)
  • Beta (2 - 5 Genes)
  • Gamma (1 Gene)
  • Delta (1 Gene)
  • Epsilon (1 Gene)

**CHANGING the SUBTYPES changes the way the Channel Behaves!!!!!!

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16
Q

Nicotinic Receptor Description

A
  • Nicotinic Receptors are INOTROPIC and allow for SODIUM ENTRANCE, although some Neuronal forms allow for Significant Ca++ INFLUX!!!!!
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17
Q

Excitatory Amino Acids

A
  • Glutamate
  • Aspartate
  • Taurine
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18
Q

Inhibitory Amino Acids

A
  • GABA (Gamma- Amino Butyric Acid)

- Glycine

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19
Q

Location of GABA

A
  • Cerebellum
  • Cortex
  • Retina
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20
Q

Functional Roles of GABA

A
  • MAJOR INHIBITORY Neurotransmitter in the HIGHER CNS
  • Critical for producing Consciousness/ Awareness (BRAIN AROUSAL MECHANISMS)
  • Control fo VOLUNTARY MOTION
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21
Q

How is GABA Made?

A
  • Glutamate DECARBOXYLASE (GAD)

- Derived from GLUTAMATE

22
Q

How is GABAs action Limited?

A
  • REUPTAKE

- Catabolism by GABA-TRANSAMINASE

23
Q

GABA Receptors

A

1) GABA a

2) GABA b

24
Q

GABA a Receptor

A
  • Inotropic
  • 5 Subunits
  • CHLORIDE CONDUCTANCE
  • BENZODIASEPINE Site POTENTIATES!!!!!!!!!
25
Q

GABA b Receptor

A
  • Serpentine
  • HETERODIMER G protien (Gi and Gq)
  • DECR Adenylyl Cyclase —–> INCR K+ Efflux
  • DECR IP3/ DAG —-> DECR Ca++ Influx
  • End Result: HYPERPOLARIZATION!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
26
Q

GABA Receptors and General Anesthetics

A
  • A large number of GABA Receptors (Mostly GABA a) have been fousn at Extra-Synaptic locations throughout the Cortex. They appear to be activated by “Free Floating” GABA
  • Many General Anesthetics are now postulated to produce Anesthesia by activating THESE RECEPTORS
27
Q

Locations of Glycine

A
  • SPINAL CORD!!!!!!!
  • Brianstem
  • Forebrain (Less than GABA)
28
Q

General Functions of Glycine

A
  • Mediates many Spinal Inhibitions (Reflexes and their Modification)
29
Q

Glycine Receptors

A
  • Inotropic
  • PENTAMER
  • Alpha Subunit: GLYCINE BINDING
  • Beta Subunit is STRUCTURAL
  • CHLORIDE CHANNEL
  • Blocked by STRYCHNINE!!!!!!!!!
30
Q

Opioid Peptides

A

** These Neurotransmitters are peptides coded for by Genes

  • Tachykinins (Includes Substance P)
  • OPIOIDS!!!!!!
  • ENDOCANNABINOIDS!!!!!!!
  • Somatostatin
  • CCK
  • CGRP
31
Q

Neurotransmitters Released from Opioids

A

1) ENDORPHINS (Endogenous Morphines)
2) ENKEPHALINS
3) DYNORPHINS
4) Nociceptin

32
Q

Opioid Locations

A
  • Basal Ganglia
  • Hypothalamus
  • Parabrachial Nuclei and Raphe Nuclei
33
Q

General Functions of Opioids

A
  • Modification of NOCICEPTIVE INPUTS (Neurophysiology of PAIN)
  • Modification of Mood/ Affect (LIMBIC SYSTEM)
34
Q

Opioids are based on 4 Precursor Molecules

A

1) PROENKEPHALIN (Tyr- Gly - Gly - Phe - X)
a) Met- Enkephalin
b) Leu - Enkephalin

2) PRO- OPIOMELANOCORTININ (POMC)
- Beta Endorphins

3) PRODYNORPHIN
- 3 Molecules of Leu-Enkephalin
- Dynorphins (1-8 and 1-17)

4) ORPHANIN FQ (Aka Nociceptin)

35
Q

How are Opioids made?

A
  • Since peptide, coded and created via DNA/ RNA/ Protein Synthetic Machinery
36
Q

How to we limit the action of Opioids?

A
  • ** ENZYMATIC, possible after REUPTAKE
  • Enkephalinase A and B
  • Aminopeptidase
37
Q

Opioid Receptors

A

1) Mu Receptors
2) Kappa Receptors
3) Delta Receptors

38
Q

Mu Receptors

A
  • Serpentine Receptor
  • ANALGESIA (Pain)
  • RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION
  • EUPHORIA
  • Sedation
  • Constipation
39
Q

Kappa Receptors

A
  • Serpentine Receptor
  • ANALGESIA (Pain)
  • Diuresis
  • Miosis (Eye Drooping)
  • DYSPHORIA
40
Q

Delta Receptors

A
  • Serpentine Receptor

- ANALGESIA

41
Q

Opioid Receptor Conclusion

A
  • They are all SERPENTINE Receptors and INHIBIT ADENYLYL CYCLASE

Indirect Ion Effects:
1) Mu: INCR K+ Efflux and Hyperpolarize

2) Kappa and Delta: DECR Calcium

42
Q

Endocannabinoids

A

1) ANANDAMIDE:
- “Bliss”
- Arachidonic Acid + Ethanolamine

2) 2- ARACHIDONYLGLYCEROL
- Arachidonic Acid esterified into he middle (#2) position of Glycerol

43
Q

Endocannabinoid Locations

A

1) Hippocampus: MEMORY Formation
2) BASAL GANGLIA: AFFECT MOTOR!!!!!!!!!!
3) SPINAL CORD: MODULATION of NOCICEPTION!!!!!!!!!!!!!
4) Neocortex: Neuroprotective?

44
Q

Endocannabinoid Receptors

A

1) CB-1

2) CB-2

45
Q

CB-1 Receptor

A
  • Axons and PRESYNAPTIC Terminals of EAA and GABA Synapses
  • Gi Protein-Coupled Receptor
  • Reduced Neurotransmitter Release
  • Binds to either ANADAMINE or 2-AG well!!!!!!
46
Q

CB-2 Receptor

A
  • Found in BRIAN (Microglia, NOT Neuron)
  • IMMUNE SYTEM and GUT
  • ANTI INFLAMMATORY
  • IN Brain, cause MACROPHAGES to remove BETA-AMYLOID!!!!!!
47
Q

Acetylcholine

A

CENTRAL LOCATION:
- Pons/ Midbrain

FUNCTIONS:
- Wakefulness

IONOTROPIC RECEPTORS:
- Nicotinic (Sodium)

METABOTRPIC RECEPTORS:
- Muscarinic

OTHER:
- Separate from ANS

48
Q

GABA

A

CENTRAL LOCATION:
- HIGHER CNS

FUNCTIONS:

  • Motor Control
  • Consciousness

IONOTROPIC RECEPTORS:
- GABA-A (Chloride)

METABOTRPIC RECEPTORS:
- GABA-B

OTHER:
- Extra Synaptic Receptors (Anesthetics)

49
Q

Glycine

A

CENTRAL LOCATION:
- Spinal Cord

FUNCTIONS:
- Almost ALL INHIBITION

IONOTROPIC RECEPTORS:
- Glycine (Chloride)

METABOTRPIC RECEPTORS:
- None to Date

OTHER:
- None

50
Q

Opioids

A

CENTRAL LOCATION:
- Hypothalamus/ Medulla

FUNCTIONS:
- Modulation of PAIN/ Production of PLEASURE

IONOTROPIC RECEPTORS:
- None

METABOTRPIC RECEPTORS:
- Mu. Kappa, Delta

OTHER:

  • Endorphins
  • Dynorphin
  • Enkephalins
  • Nocicpetin
51
Q

Endocannabinoids

A

CENTRAL LOCATION:
- Multiple/ Wide Spread

FUNCTIONS:
- Modulation of Pain/ Neuroprotection

IONOTROPIC RECEPTORS:
- None

METABOTRPIC RECEPTORS:

  • CB1
  • CB2

OTHER:
- Anandamide and 2-AG

Neuroscience I (18 decks)

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