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PHA 315 > Neurotoxicity > Flashcards

Neurotoxicity Flashcards

1
Q

Neuropathies are caused by…

A

CO
Ethanol
CCl4
Methyl mercury
Lead

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2
Q

Neuropathies are characterised by…

A
  • Injury or death to neurons
  • Irreversible loss
  • Initial injury followed by apoptosis or necrosis
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3
Q

Axonopathies are also known as

A

…dying-back neuropathy

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4
Q

Axonopathies are characterized by

A

Degeneration of axon, surrounding myelin, but cell body remains intact
Irreversible in CNS, but reversible in PNS

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5
Q

Axonopathies are caused by…

A

CS2, acrylamide, gold, organophosphorus esters

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6
Q

Myeolopathies are characterized by:

A
  • Intramyelinic edema
  • Demyelination
  • Remyelination in CNS occurs to a limited extent
  • Remyelination in PNS done by Schwann cells
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7
Q

Myeolopathies are caused by:

A

…amiodarone, disulfiram,Pb

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8
Q

Neurotransmission-associated abnormalities are characterized by

A

Interruption of impulse transmission
Blockade of trans-synaptic communication
Inhibition of neurotransmitter uptake
Interference with second-messenger system

Neurotoxicology
Heavy Metals like Lead – environmental exposure (paint, fuels) Mercury – exposure via diet (bioaccumulation in fish
Lead toxicity
Developmental Neurotoxicity Reduced IQ Impaired learning and memory Life-long effects Related to effects on calcium permeable channels (NMDA, Ca++ channels)

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9
Q

Neurotransmission-associated abnormalities are caused by

A

…nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine, glutamate

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10
Q

Lead toxicity leads to…

A

Developmental Neurotoxicity Reduced IQ
Impaired learning and memory
Life-long effects
Related to effects on calcium permeable channels (NMDA, Ca++ channels)

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11
Q

Lead toxicity on CNS

A
  • Cerebral edema
  • Apoptosis of neuronal cells
  • Necrosis of brain tissue
  • Glial proliferation around blood vessels
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12
Q

Lead toxicity on PNS

A
  • Demyelination
  • Reversible changes in nerve conduction velocity (NCV)
  • Irreversible axonal degeneration
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13
Q

Mercury toxicity high fetal exposures

A
  • Mental retardation
  • Seizures
  • Blindness
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14
Q

Low foetal exposure to mercury toxicity leads to…

A

Memory, attention and language disturbances

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15
Q

Nicotine toxicity leads to

A
  • Psychoactive and addictive properties
  • Ganglionic paralysis
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16
Q

Cocaine toxicity leads to

A
  • Cerebral atrophy
  • Stroke
  • Intracranial hemorrhage
  • Paranoid psychotic issues
17
Q

Hexachlorophene toxicity leads to

A

Intramyelinic edema, leading to the formation of vacuoles, creating a “spongiosis” of the brain & uncoupling of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation

18
Q

Carbon disulfide toxicity leads to…

A
  • Distal axonopathy that is identical pathologically to that caused by n –hexane
  • Covalent cross-linking of neurofilaments and proteins (spectrin/globin)
  • Acute psychosis

PHA 315 (6 decks)

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