Neuroscience SG

Question 1

vertebral artery branches

Answer 1

anterior and posterior spinal arteries
posterior inferior cerebral artery

Question 2

anterior and posterior spinal arteries supply

Answer 2

spinal cord and medulla

Question 3

posterior inferior cerebral artery supply

Answer 3

medulla and cerebellum

Question 4

basilar artery branches

Answer 4

anterior inferior cerebellar and superior cerebellar arteries
posterior cerebral artery: posterior choroidal

Question 5

anterior inferior cerebellar and superior cerebellar arteries supply

Answer 5

pons and cerebellum

Question 6

posterior cerebral artery supply

Answer 6

midbrain, occipital lobe, and inferomedial temporal lobe

Question 7

posterior choroidal artery supply

Answer 7

choroid plexus of third ventricle; parts of thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 8

internal carotid branches

Answer 8

anterior choroidal
anterior cerebral artery
middle cerebral artery

Question 9

anterior choroidal supply

Answer 9

choroid plexus in lateral ventricles, parts of the visual pathway (optic tract and optic radiation), parts of the putamen, thalamus, internal capsule, and hippocampus

Question 10

anterior cerebral artery supply

Answer 10

medial frontal and parietal lobes

Question 11

middle cerebral artery supply

Answer 11

globus pallidus, putamen, most of lateral hemisphere, part of internal capsule and caudate

Question 12

frontal lobe

Answer 12

higher mental function: problem solving, thinking, planning, judgement, emotional expression, creativity, behavioral control

Question 13

cerebral cortex

Answer 13

motor functions: orientation, head and eye movements, posture

Question 14

Broca’s Area

Answer 14

control of muscles for speech production & ability to comprehend grammatical structure

Question 15

parietal lobe

Answer 15

sensation from skin and muscles
somatosensory cortex, spatial awareness

Question 16

Wernicke’s area

Answer 16

comprehension of spoken language along parieto/temporal border L side of brain. R side of brain Wernicke’s equivalent processes nonverbal communication such as facial expressions

Question 17

occipital lobe

Answer 17

receives visual information from the optic nerve
processes visual information
primary visual cortex
visual association cortex

Question 18

temporal lobe

Answer 18

auditory processing area
Wernicke’s area
visual object recognition
memory

Question 19

cerebellum

Answer 19

compares motor output to intended movement
adjusts movements relative to this information
primarily associated with motor function and motor learning
3 parts: spinocerebellum, cerebrocerebellum, vestibulocerebellum

Question 20

pre-frontal cortex

Answer 20

plans movement activities
selects appropriate movements at the correct time and place

Question 21

frontal lobe motor cortex

Answer 21

executes movement and tells the body to move “pick up the pen” lift arm, reach grasp lift

Question 22

L sided parietal lobe damage

Answer 22

dysgraphia, right left confusion, difficulty with mathematics, inability to perceive objects normally (agnosia)

Question 23

R sided parietal lobe damage

Answer 23

contralateral body neglect, constructional apraxia, decreases awareness of deficits

Question 24

temporal lobe damage

Answer 24

aphasia, visual agnosia, or inability to recognize faces

Question 25

auditory agnosia

Answer 25

can hear sounds but is unable to recognize sounds

Question 26

visual agnosia

Answer 26

ability to recognize in contralateral visual field. vision intact

Question 27

occipital love damage

Answer 27

blindness, hemianopsia, inability to recognize objects and generate associations with objects, may have visual field changes

Question 28

vestibulocerebellum

Answer 28

flocconodular lobe regulates equilibrium or balance, linked to vestibular system, eye movements posture and balance

Question 29

spinocerebellum

Answer 29

connected to the nuclei receiving postural sensory information via spinocerebellum tracts, and projecting to medial descending systems regulates gross limb movements and postural stability

Question 30

cerebrocerebellum

Answer 30

distal limb movement including motor planning and motor control

Question 31

basal ganglia

Answer 31

set of nuclei within the cerebral hemispheres, process cortical information and send back to cortex via thalamus Regulation of Voluntary motor control, including strength/ timing of muscle contraction, muscle force, multi-joint movements, and sequencing of movements made up of: putamen, subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra, globus pallidus

Question 32

putamen

Answer 32

receives input from premotor and motor cortex

Question 33

subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra

Answer 33

process information within the BG circuit

Question 34

globus pallidus

Answer 34

send output to motor areas of cortex

Question 35

basal ganglia disorders

Answer 35

range of pathology from hypokinetic to hyperkinetic movement disorders symptoms: akinesia, rigidity, and tremor

Question 36

amygdala

Answer 36

integrative center for emotion, emotional behavior and motivation learning and memory processes involvement: hyperstimulation/lack of filtration or rage/anger ablation: flat affect, decreased emotional responses

Question 37

hippocampus

Answer 37

memory formation, especially those of fact/figures (declarative memory) ability to memorize information and experiences

Question 38

brainstem

Answer 38

connection between brain and spinal cord integrate reflexes control of vital functions: respiratory rate, heart rate, sympathetic and parasympathetic responses contains: midbrain, pons, medulla origination of most cranial nerves

Question 39

brainstem dysfunction

Answer 39

4 D's dysphagia = difficulty swallowing dysarthria = difficulty speaking diplopia = double vision dysmetria = inability to control distance of movements

Question 40

brainstem lesions

Answer 40

altered consciousness impaired vital function balance visual auditory deficits head control and swallowing significant changes in muscle tone

Question 41

white matter

Answer 41

axons and fatty substance myelin

Question 42

grey matter

Answer 42

neuron somas glial cells in the brain cortex central spinal cord

Question 43

motor and descending pathways

Answer 43

EFFERENT pyramidal tracts: lateral/anterior corticospinal extrapyramidal tracts: rubrospinal, reticulospinal, olivospinal, vestibulospinal

Question 44

sensory and ascending pathways

Answer 44

AFFERENT dorsal column medial lemniscus system: gracile, cuneate fasciculus spinocerebellar tracts: posterior/anterior spinocerebellar anterolateral system: lateral/anterior spinothalamic tract

Question 45

LMN

Answer 45

lower motor neuron lesion hyporeflexic flaccid hypotonic denervation atrophy negative babinski

Question 46

UMN

Answer 46

upper motor neuron lesion spastic hypertonic hyperreflexic disuse atrophy positive babinski