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BMS 109 > Neuroscience Revision > Flashcards

Neuroscience Revision Flashcards

1
Q

Somatic NS function…

  • SNS Afferents function…
  • SNS Efferents function…
A
  • Somatic NS - skeletal muscle for voluntary control of body
  • SNS Afferents - Relay sensation from body to CNS
  • SNS Efferent - Send out commands from CNS to body for muscle contraction
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2
Q

Visceral NS function…

  • VNS Afferent function…
  • VNS Efferent function…
A
  • Visceral NS - involuntary control of the body
  • VNS Afferent - Relay sensation from viscera, blood vessels to CNS
  • VNS Efferent - sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest and digest)
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3
Q

Somatic NS efferent go…

Visceral NS efferent go…

A
  • SNS - Straight to the muscle

- VNS - have pre-ganglionic fibres (myelinated) with synapse with post-ganglionic fibres (unmyelinated)

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4
Q

Who used the giant squid axon to look at ions involved in action potential

A

Hodgkin and Huxley

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5
Q

Failure of neural tube to close at caudal end…
Failure of neural tube to close at rostral end…
What can be used to prevent these conditions?

A
  • Caudal = Spina Bifida
  • Rostral = Anencephaly
  • Prevention = Folic acid
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6
Q

Primary brain vesicles

A
  • Prosencephalon
  • Mesencephalon
  • Rhombencephalon
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7
Q

Secondary brain vesicles

A
  • Telencephalon
  • Diencephalon
  • Mesencephalon
  • Metencephalon
  • Myelencephalon
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8
Q

What cells form CSF?
What is the function of CSF?
What vertebrae would you go between for a lumbar puncture and why?

A
  • Choroid Plexus
  • Provides mechanical and immunological to CNS
  • Needle inserted between L3 and L4 because the spinal cord ends before this point
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9
Q

External hydrocephalus

Internal hydrocephalus

A
  • External = build up of CSF in sub-arachnoid space

- Internal = build up of CSF within brain ventricles

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10
Q

4 divisions of brain

A
  1. Brainstem
  2. Cerebellum
  3. Diencephalon
  4. Cerebrum
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11
Q

Brainstem components

A
  • Medulla Oblongata
  • Pons
  • Mesencephalon
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12
Q

Olives

A
  • Found in medulla

- Send fibres to cerebellum

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13
Q

Superior Colliculi

Inferior Colliculi

A 
Superior = visual reflexes
Inferior = auditory reflexes
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14
Q

Substantia Nigra and Nucleus Ruber found in…

Important for…

A
  • Mesencephalon

- Regulation of movement

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15
Q

Functions of reticular formation

A
  • Regulation of CVS
  • Regulation of circadian rhythm
  • Alertness and emotional state
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16
Q

6 layers of cerebral cortex

A
  • Molecular layer (superficial)
  • External granular layer
  • External pyramidal layer
  • Internal granular layer
  • Internal granular layer
  • Fusiform layer (deep)
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17
Q

PET Scanning and Functional MRI used to look at…

A

Regional blood flow in the brain to active areas when performing specific tasks

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18
Q

Basal Ganglia consists of…

A
  • Caudate Nucleus
  • Putamen
  • Globus Pallidus
  • Substantia Nigra
  • Sub-thalamic Nucleus
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19
Q

Striatum consists of…

A

Putamen and Caudate nucleus

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20
Q

Lentiform nucleus consists of…

A

Putamen and Globus Pallidus

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21
Q

Limbic system consists of…

A
  • Hippocampus
  • Amygdala
  • Hypothalmus
  • Thalamus
  • Reticular formation
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22
Q

3 types of cerebral fibre tracts and function

A
  • Association fibres - link areas within same hemisphere (arcuate fibres)
  • Commissural fibres - link areas within different hemispheres (corpus callosum)
  • Projection fibres - link areas of cortex to non-cortical areas (internal capsule)
  • Women have more commissural fibres
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23
Q

3 layers of cerebellum

A
  • Molecular layer (superficial)
  • Purkinje cell layer (only layer that has output)
  • Granular cell layer (deep)
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24
Q

3 components of diencephalon?

A
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pineal gland
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25
Q

Association cortex

A
  • Involves most of cortical area

- Input and links from many different areas to allow recognition of things

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26
Q

2 substances secreted by pineal gland and function

A
  • Melatonin - regulates circadian rhythm

- Serotonin - synaptic neurotransmitter

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27
Q

What sense does not pass through thalamus unlike all others

A

Smell (passes into piriform complex)

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28
Q

Hypothalamus roles

A

Eating
Sexual behaviour
Stress

29
Q

Thalamus role

A

Processing and relay centre that passes info onto other areas of brain

30
Q

Lateral geniculate nucleus

A

Important in visual processing

31
Q

Stages of development

  • 10 weeks
  • 3 months
  • 5 months
  • 7 months
  • 9 months
A
  • 10 weeks - cerebral expansion and commissures (connections between left and right hemispheres)
  • 3 months - basic structures established
  • 5 months - CNS myelination begins
  • 7 months - lobed cerebrum
  • 9 months - gyri and sulk appear
32
Q

Critical periods of development - Rubella infection

  • 6 weeks
  • 9 weeks
  • 5-10 weeks
  • 2nd trimester
A
  • 6 weeks - eye malformations
  • 9 weeks - deafness
  • 5-10 weeks - cardiac malformations
  • 2nd trimester - CNS disorders
33
Q

Critical periods of development - Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

- What abnormalities arise in child

A
  • Microcephaly
  • Loss of fibres
  • Disturbed cellular migration
  • Increased irritability
  • Motor and intellectual impairment
34
Q

How does speed of conduction change with increased development

A
  • Conduction speed of peripheral nerves increase as the baby becomes more developed
35
Q

Development of senses:

  • Taste and Smell
  • Hearing
  • Vision
A 
Taste and Smell 
- Well developed at birth 
Hearing 
- Excellent discriminators of language sounds 
Vision 
- Poor at birth 
- Colour vision at 2 months 
- Optic nerves not matured
36
Q

How many neurones are in the brain?

Are there more or less non-neuronal cells?

A
  • 10^10 - 10^12

- 10x more non-neuronal cells

37
Q

Golgi type 1 neurones have…

Golgi type 2 neurones have…

A
  • Long axons

- Short axons

38
Q

3 types of glial cells

A
  • Macroglia
  • Microglia
  • Ependyma
39
Q

Ependyma types?

A
  • Ependymocytes lining ventricles and central canal
  • Tanycytes found in hypothalamus
  • Choroid ependymal cells in choroid plexus
40
Q

Microglia function

A
  • Derived from monocytes

- Phagocytic cells that remove dead/damaged neurones

41
Q

Astrocyte cell types

A
  • Fibrous astrocyte - white matter
  • Protoplasmic astrocyte - grey matter
  • Retinal Müller cells - retina
42
Q

3 functions of Astrocytes

A
  • Spatial buffering (absorb K+)
  • Neurotransmitter uptake (all of Glutamate, most of GABA)
  • Glucose metabolism (convert glucose to glycogen for use by neurones - involves lactic acid)
43
Q 
Major period (dense) line made by...
Intraperiod (feint) line made by...
A
  • Major = internal proteins cross linking

- Intra = external proteins cross linking

44
Q

Periodicity is…

A

The distance between 2 major (dense) period lines or 2 intra (feint) period lines

45
Q

2 Major CNS myelin proteins

A

Myelin Basic Protein
- Induces experimental allergic encaphalomyelitis when injected into organisms
Proteolipid Protein
- Jimpy mice has no PLP and has jerky movements, very little myelin (what is present is toxic) nd severe loss of oligo’s

46
Q

Other CNS myelin proteins

A
  • Carbonic Anhydrase
  • Proteases
  • Myelin-Only Glycoprotein (MOG)
  • Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein (MAG)
47
Q

Major PNS myelin protein

A

P0

- Adhesion molecule that promotes schwann cell adhesion to axon membrane

48
Q

Other PNS myelin proteins

A
  • MBP

- PMP-22

49
Q

Myelin composition

  • CNS myelin has more…
  • PNS myelin has more…
  • In KO mice with no cerebrosides what happens?
A
  • CNS = more sphingomyelin
  • PNS = more cerebrosides and sulfatides
  • KO mice still form myelin but it has vacuoles
50
Q

Electrical properties of neurones

  • Action potentials
  • Graded potentials
A
  • Action potentials - fixed size, all-or-nothing signals, can pass either way along axon but tend to go one way
  • Graded potentials - variable size, local signals not propagated over long distances
51
Q

Action potentials are coded by…

Graded potentials are coded by…

A
  • AP = coded by frequency

- GP = coded by size

52
Q

3 factors that set up resting potential?

A
  • Selectively permeable membrane - ion channels are selective for specific ions e.g. Na+, K+
  • Unequal distribution of ions - Na+/K+ ATPase pumps 2K+ in for every 3Na+ out (requires ATP)
  • Maintained by physical forces - diffusion and electrical
53
Q

Equilibrium potential

A
  • Eion is the membrane potential that would be achieved in a neurone if the membrane was only permeable to one ion
  • Eion is the membrane potential when the diffusion forces balance electrostatic forces
  • This is -65mV in resting potential
54
Q

Nernst Equation

A

Used to calculate Eion for an ion but assumes the membrane is only permeable to one ion
- Constant is divided by 2 when calculating Eion for Ca2+

55
Q

Goldman Equation

A
  • Takes in to account there’s more than one ion permeable to one membrane
  • Used to estimate true resting membrane potential
56
Q

Action potentials properties

A
  • Rapid and reversible change in membrane potential from negative (-60mV) to positive (+40mV)
  • AP triggered by increase in Na+ permeability
  • All the same size and duration and do not decrease down the axon
57
Q

Action potential Timeline

A
  1. Rising phase - rapid depolarisation of membrane by Na+ influx
  2. Overshoot - membrane potential is above zero (+40mV)
  3. Falling phase - rapid repolarisation as Na+ channels shut and K+ channels open
  4. Undershoot - membrane potential below resting potential due to K+ channels open too long
58
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

A period when no stimulus, however large, is able to initiate another action potential

59
Q

Relative refractory period

A

A stronger than normal stimulus is needed to elicit neuronal excitation

60
Q

Voltage gated Na+ channels

A
  • Open in response to depolarisation (once threshold value is reached)
  • Channel inactivation occurs quickly
  • Channel deactivation must occur before channels can open again - repolarisation is needed to remove inactivation ball so they can be opened again (absolute refractory period)
61
Q

Voltage gated K+ channels

A
  • Opening leads to repolarisation
  • They are slow to open and slow to close (hyper polarisation)
  • Relative refractory period is when K+ channels are open
62
Q

Action potential conduction

A
  • Occurs by spread of Na+ ions by diffusing along the axon
  • Causes opening of channels further down axon to generate AP
  • Occurs in both directions, but Na+ channels behind AP are inactivated so AP only travels in one direction
63
Q

Factors affecting Conduction Velocity

A
  • Leakiness of membrane - if more leaky then diffusion of Na+ will be slow and conduction velocity is slow
  • Axon diameter - resistance to current flow is inversely proportional to the cross sectional are of the axon (thicker axons have lower resistance and faster conduction)
  • Myelination - prevents current loss along the axon by increasing membrane resistance
64
Q

Why so many unmyelinated small axons?

A

Myelination requires metabolic processes and benefit of a high membrane resistance is reduced by the high internal resistance

65
Q

Axons vs. Dendrites

A

Axons
- Generate AP at the axon hillock
Dendrites
- Use graded potentials as aren’t many Na+ channels

66
Q

Graded potentials

A
  • Excitatory post synaptic potential (EPSP) - influx of Na+

- Inhibitory post synaptic potential (IPSP) - influx of Cl-

67
Q

Spatial Summation

Temporal Summation

A
  • Spatial - adding together of EPSPs generated simultaneously at many different synapses
  • Temporal - adding together of EPSPs generated at the same synapse occurring in rapid succession
68
Q

EPSP shunting

A

Inhibitory inputs prevent action potential firing

  • Make the membrane more leaky so EPSP is dissipated
  • Inward movement of Cl- so IPSP reduces size of EPSP so threshold potential harder to reach
69
Q

Electrical synapses

A
  • Allow direct transfer of ionic current from one cell o the next
  • Occurs through specialised gap junction
  • Unlike chemical synapses, transmission is bidirectional

BMS 109 (8 decks)

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