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PT91111 > Neuroscience: Organization of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Neuroscience: Organization of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Neuroscience Def’n

A

Study of function and structure of the nervous system

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2
Q

Importance of Understanding Neuroscience

A

facilitates the clinical decision making process
- helps assessment selection/interpretation
- helps det diagnosis and expectation for prognosis
- helps intervention selection/progression

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3
Q

Seven CNS Structures

A

spinal cord, medulla, pons, midbrain, cerebellum, diencephalon, cerebral hemispheres

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4
Q

Spinal cord is responsible for

A

sensory and motor innervation

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5
Q

Descending pathway

A

motor control from body to brain

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6
Q

Ascending pathway

A

sensory perception from body to brain

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7
Q

Brain stem is responsible for

A
  • relaying information from spinal cord to cerebrum and cerebellum
  • regulation of vital functions
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8
Q

PNS is responsible for

A
  • sending information from body to brain and spinal cord
  • sending commands from brain and spinal cord to body parts
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9
Q

PNS Subsystems (2)

A
  1. Somatic: functions you manage by thinking about them
  2. Autonomic: functions your brain runs w/o thinking of them
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10
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A
  1. Sympathetic: fight or flight
  2. Parasympathetic: rest and digest
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11
Q

Neurons

A

specialized for electrical signalling over long distances

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12
Q

Neuroglial Cells

A

supporting cells; not capable of signaling

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13
Q

Four component of neurons

A

dendrites*, cell body/soma, axon, axon terminals

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14
Q

Dendrites are responsible for

A

receiving and transferring electrical messages (impulses) from other cells to the soma (cell body)

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15
Q

Importance of dendrites

A
  • more dendrites = more inputs; ability to receive signal/information
  • affect neuron’s ability to modify the strength of their connections (plasticity)
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16
Q

Cell body

A

membranes specialized for signaling

17
Q

Axon

A

aka a nerve fibre
- carries information along long distances, from one part of the neuron to another
- variable (length, myelinated/unmyelinated)

18
Q

Path of Information travelling down the axon

A
  • information is integrated in the cell body (soma)
  • information read out at the axon hillock
  • information travels along the axon to the axon terminals
19
Q

Synapse

A

Junction between nerve cells, no physical contact

20
Q

presynaptic/postsynaptic terminal

A

presynaptic terminal: contain synaptic vesicles
postsynaptic terminal: control the response

21
Q

Interaction btwn Neurons and Neuroglia

A

provide homeostatic support, protection, and defense to the nervous tissue; support the neurons

22
Q

Neurogliac Cell Function Cont’d

A
  • support synaptic connections, signaling
  • maintain ionic milieu of nerve cells
  • support the rate of signal propagation
  • control uptake of neurotransmitters
  • aid neural recovery
23
Q

Myelinating Neuroglial Cells: Oligodendrocytes vs Schwann Cells

A

Oligodendrocytes
- myelinate the CNS
- myelinate multiple axons
- more widely spaced

Schwann Cells
- myelinate the PNS
- can only myelinate one axon
- closer together

24
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Space between myelin cells

24
Q

Myelin Function

A
  • allow impulses to travel quickly/efficiently along the neuron
  • if myelin is damaged, impulses slow down –> demyelinating disease ex. MS
24
Q

Collection of Cell Bodies: CNS vs PNS

A

CNS: Nuclei
PNS: Ganglion

25
Q

Cortex

A

layers of cell bodies on the surface of the cerebrum and cerebellum

25
Q

Gray Matter

A

regions of cell bodies in the CNS

26
Q

White Matter

A

regions of myelinated axons in the CNS

27
Q

Axons travelling in Bundles: CNS vs PNS

A

CNS: tracts
PNS: nerves

28
Q

Neuropil

A
  • Space btwn neurons and glial cell bodies
  • more density of neuropil = more interconnection in that area; role in cognitive function
29
Q

Afferent Neurons

A

“arriving”
toward spinal cord/brain

30
Q

Efferent Neurons

A

“exiting”
away from brain/spinal cord

31
Q

Interneurons

A

local circuit neurons, short distance, modulate the response of larger circuits

32
Q

Neural Circuit Interruptions: Diabetes

A
  • Nerve damage via high blood sugar
  • lose sensation in the bottom of the foot via reduced blood flow
  • myelin damaged; lose ability to send sensory info to spinal cord
  • prevent the perception of noxious stimuli
33
Q

Neural Circuit Interruptions: Peripheral Neuropathy

A
  • peripheral nerves damaged
  • causes weakness, numbness and pain, usually in the hands and feet
  • prevent the perception of noxious stimuli
34
Q

Neural Circuit Interruptions: Disc Herniation

A
  • displacement of the nucleus pulposus of the IV disc
  • puts pressure on nerve
  • pinched nerve may cause pain, numbness, tingling or weakness in the arms or legs

PT91111 (4 decks)

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