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Conditions in Childhood > Neuroscience Midterm Study Guide > Flashcards

Neuroscience Midterm Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Free nerve endings

A

respond to painful stimuli, temperature, itch, joint movement, or proprioception

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2
Q

The surface anatomy of the brain includes?

A

Hemispheres, cerebellum, brain stem

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3
Q

What do merkel’s disk detect?

A

detect light touch and superficial pressure

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4
Q

-What do hair follicle receptors detect?

A

Light touch, bending of hair

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5
Q

-Pacinian corpuscle detects?

A

Deep pressure Vibration Proprioception

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6
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles detect?

A

Touch that involves 2 point discrimination

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7
Q

Ruffini’s end organ detects:

A

Continuous touch or pressure

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8
Q

Free nerve endings detect?

A

Respond to pain stimuli, temperature, itch, joint movement or proprioception ex. Cold receptors and warm

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9
Q

What is Somatic:

A

Touch, pressure, temperature, proprioception, pain

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10
Q

Name the Special senses:

A

Smell, taste, sight, hearing, balance

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11
Q

Define Sensation or perception:

A

Conscious awareness of stimuli received by sensory receptors.

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12
Q

Define Senses:

A

Means by which brain receives information about environment and body

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13
Q

Define Mechanoreceptors

A

Compression, bending, stretching of cells

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14
Q

Define Chemoreceptors

A

Smell and taste

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15
Q

Defne Thermoreceptors

A

Temperature

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16
Q

Define Photoreceptors

A

Light as vision

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17
Q

Define Nociceptors

A

Pain

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18
Q

Define Exteroreceptors

A

Associated with skin

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19
Q

Define Visceroreceptors

A

Associated with organs

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20
Q

Define Proprioceptors

A

Associated with joints, tendons

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21
Q

Muscle spindle:

A

sensory receptors within the muscle belly detects proprioception on muscle stretch and control of muscle tone

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22
Q

Golgi tendon organ

A

senses changes in contraction and tendon stretch proprioception

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23
Q

2 point discrimination for : tongue finger back

A

2mm 4mm 64MM

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24
Q

Define Accommodation or adaptation

A

Decreased sensitivity to a continued stimulus

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25
Q

Define Tonic Proprioceptors

A

Tonic: Example is know where little finger is without looking

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26
Q

Define Phasic Proprioceptors

A

Phasic: Example is you know where hand is as it moves

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27
Q

Define secondary receptors

A

Secondary: Have no axons and receptor potentials produced do not result in action potentials but cause release of neurotransmitters

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28
Q

SENSORY NERVE TRACTS (ASCENDING PATHWAYS)

A

Transmit action potentials from periphery to brain

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29
Q

Cerebrum does what?

A

-Conscious thought, intellectual functions -Memory storage and processing -Voluntary and involuntary control of skeletal muscle contractions

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30
Q

Name the parts of the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus Hypothalamus Epithalamus Sub thalamus Pineal Glad

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31
Q

Thalamus does what?

A

Relay and processing centers for sensory and motor information

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32
Q

Hypothalamus does what?

A

Centers of emotional control, autonomic function, and hormone production

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33
Q

Mesencephalon does what?

A

-Processing visual and auditory data -Generation of Reflexive somatic motor responses -Maintains consciousness

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34
Q

Pons does what?

A

-Relays sensory info to cerebellum and thalamus -Subconscious somatic and visceral motor centers -Controls respiration

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35
Q

Medulla Oblongata does what?

A

-Relays sensory info to the thalamus and other portions of the brain stem -Autonomic center for regulation of visceral function (cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive system activities)

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36
Q

Cerebellum does what?

A

-Complex somatic motor patterns -Adjusts output of other somatic motor centers in brain and spinal cord -Controls equilibrium and balance

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37
Q

What does the telencephalon contain?

A

Telencephalon (cerebrum) – cortex, white matter, and basal nuclei

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38
Q

What is part of the diencephalon?

A

Diencephalon – thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus, subthalamus

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39
Q

what is the mesencephalon?

A

midbrain (brain stem)

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40
Q

Metencephalon becomes?

A

pons (brain stem), cerebellum

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41
Q

Myelencephalon becomes?

A

medulla oblongata aka (brain stem)

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42
Q

What is the spinal cord surrounded by? How is this different from white matter?

A

the central cavity is surrounded by gray matter core, then white matter that has myelinated fiber tracts

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43
Q

How is the brain similar to the spinal cord?

A

similar but surrounded with additional areas of gray matter

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44
Q

What does the gray matter of the cerebellum have?

A

gray matter in the nuclei

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45
Q

What does the cortex of the cerebrum have?

A

Cerebrum has nuclei and additional gray matter in the cortex

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46
Q

Name the parts of the CNS

A

spinal cord brain

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47
Q

Name the parts of the PNS

A

spinal nerves cranial nerves

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48
Q

Dorsal is?

A

superior/posterior

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49
Q

Ventral is?

A

inferior/anterior

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50
Q

Describe the motor/efferent division of the PNS

A

Efferent/motor division: -Has motor nerve fibers -conducts impulses from CNS to effectors (glands and muscles

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51
Q

Describe the sensory/afferent division of the PNS

A

-Has somatic and visceral sensory nerve fibers -conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS

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52
Q

Autonomic nervous system (part of motor/efferent division)

A

-involuntary (visceral motor) -impulses from CNS to cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and glands

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53
Q

Sympathetic division of the ANS

A

moves body during emergencies

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54
Q

Parasympathetic division of the ANS

A

conserves energy promotes non emergency functions

55
Q

Somatic NS

A

voluntary (somatic motor) CNS to skeletal muscles

56
Q

Astrocytes (CNS)

A

Maintains blood-brain barrier Provides structural support Regulates Ions Dissolved gas concentrations Absorbs and cycles neurotransmitters Forms scar tissue after injury

57
Q

Oligodendrocytes (CNS)

A

-Myelinate CNS axons -provides structural support

58
Q

Microglia (CNS)

A

Removes cell debris, wastes, pathogens, phagocytosis

59
Q

Ependymal cells (CNS)

A

Line brain ventricles, and central canal (spinal cavity) Produces, circulates, monitors cerebrospinal fluid

60
Q

Satellite cells (PNS)

A

surrounds neuron cell bodies in ganglia

61
Q

Schwann cells (PNS)

A

surrounds all axons in the PNS; responsible for myelination of peripheral axons takes part in repair process after injury

62
Q

What is the dura mater consists of?

A

consists of an outer (endosteal layer) and an inner (meningeal layer) -In between the layers find the dural sinus

63
Q

What is the layer after the dura mater?

A

arachnoid mater- membrane covers the surface of the brain, have a subarachnoid space

64
Q

After the arachnoid what is the layer that follows?

A

Pia mater is anchored to the brain by astrocytes, wraps brain tightly like saran wrap

65
Q

Subarchnoid space is located?

A

-between arachnoid and pia mater -contains collagen/elastin fiber network that’s “spiderweb-like” (arachnoid trabeculae) -filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF

66
Q

What does the pineal gland secrete?

A

melatonin

67
Q

* Place the following terms in correct order; Integration, Motor Output, Sensory input:

A

Sensory Input->Integration->Motor Output

68
Q

* Every Neuron has how many axons?

A

1

69
Q

* Process of transmitting nerve impulses from one structure to another?

A

synapse

70
Q

The subdural and subarachanoid space are frequent sites of?

A

Subdural, subarachanoid spaces are frequent sites of intracranial bleeding

71
Q

Define Subdural space.

A

between arachnoid and dura mater

72
Q

Define nucleus

A

collection of neuron cell bodies in the CNS

73
Q

Define tract

A

collection of axons in the CNS

74
Q

Define ganglia

A

collection of neuron cell bodies in the PNS

75
Q

Define nerve and types

A

collection of axons in the PNS Cranial nerves Spinal nerves

76
Q

Function of the brain stem?

A

Processes information between spinal cord and cerebrum or cerebellum

77
Q

What does the brain stem control?

A

Controls automatic behaviors necessary for survival

78
Q

How many nerves is the brain stem associated with?

A

Associated with 10 of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves

79
Q

Brain stem includes

A

Includes: mesencephalon (midbrain) pons medulla oblongata

80
Q

Where are the most cranial nerves located?

A

brain stem

81
Q

What does the medulla do?

A

-connects brain to spinal cord -relays information -Regulates autonomic functions: regulates arousal, heart rate, blood pressure, pace for respiration and digestion -Cranial nerves IX, X, XI, XII come off or go into

82
Q

Where is the medulla located?

A

most inferior part of the brain

83
Q

What are the pyramids of the medulla?

A

Pyramids – two longitudinal ridges formed by corticospinal tracts

84
Q

What does the Cardiovascular control center of the medulla nuclei do?

A

adjusts force and rate of heart contraction

85
Q

What does the Respiratory centers of the medulla nuclei do?

A

control rate and depth of breathing

86
Q

What does the additional centers of the medulla nuclei do?

A

regulate vomiting, hiccuping, swallowing, coughing, and sneezing

87
Q

What does the PONS do?

A

-Involved in somatic and visceral motor control -Control of respiration that modifies the info from the medulla

88
Q

What does the PONS contain?

A

-Contains the nuclei for cranial nerves V, VI, VII, VIII -Contains nuclei of the reticular formation

89
Q

What passes through the PONS?

A

Nuclei and tracts passing through to the cerebellum (motor and somatosensory info)

90
Q

Other name for the cerebellum?

A

little brain

91
Q

What does the cerebellum do (8)?

A

-Provides precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction to coordinate repetitive body movements and help learning complex motor behaviors -Adjusts the postural muscles of the body, controls balance and equilibrium -Recognizes and predicts sequences of events -Cerebellar activity occurs subconsciously (as does all processing that occurs outside the cerebral cortex) -Cerebellum receives impulses of the intent to initiate voluntary muscle contraction -Monitors all proprioceptive info and visual info about body position -Cerebellar cortex calculates the best way to perform a movement -Programs and fine tunes movements by detecting mismatches in intended and actual movements

92
Q

What is cerebellum activity high and low. Example when riding a bike.

A

When learning to ride a bike, throw a curve ball or tie your shoe, cerebellum activity is high. When they become automatic, cerebellum is no longer involved

93
Q

Another name for the mesencephalon?

A

midbrain

94
Q

What does the mesencephalon do?

A

-Processes sight, sound, and associated reflexes -Maintains consciousness

95
Q

What are the two basic divisions of the mesencephalon?

A

2 basic divisions tectum (roof) tegmentum

96
Q

What nerves are associated with the mesencephalon

A

Cranial nerev 3 and 4

97
Q

What part of the mesencephalon maintains consciousness?

A

reticular formation

98
Q

What is the process of visual and auditory sensations in the mesencephalon?

A

corpora quadrigemina (in tectum) = superior colliculi (visual reflex) and inferior colliculi (auditory reflex)

99
Q

What happens to the Substantia nigra (in tegmentum) if damaged? What do neurons do here? What diseases is associated with the substantia nigra?

A

-Neurons inhibit activity of cerebral nuclei by releasing dopamine -If damaged, results in less dopamine released and muscle tone increases: muscle rigidity, -difficulty initiating movement = Parkinson’s Disease

100
Q

Where is the diencephalon?

A

Located under the cerebrum and cerebellum

101
Q

What does the diencephalon link?

A

Links cerebrum with brain stem

102
Q

What cranial nerve is associated with the

A

Cranial nerve 2

103
Q

What is the human brains neuron ratio?

A

10*10 to 10*11 neurons

104
Q

Where is the ganglia located?

A

PNS

105
Q

Change ins the environment is called the?

A

stimulus

106
Q

Where does perception happen?

A

CNS

107
Q

Place the following terms in correct order: Integration, Motor Output, Sensory input:

A

Sensory Input->Integration->Motor Output

108
Q

Every neuron has how many axons?

A

one

109
Q

* Referring to a synapse between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of another.

A

axodendritic

110
Q

* Referring to a synapse between the axon of one neuron and the axon of another.

A

axoaxonic

111
Q

* Referring to a synapse between the axon of one neuron and the cell body of another.

A

axosomatic

112
Q

* Can Neurons undergo mitosis?

A

NO

113
Q

What is the captain of the autonomic nervous system, and what does it oversee?

A

hypothalamus homeostasis

114
Q

Food intake (drives), Water balance/thirst, Day/night rhythms takes place in the?

A

hypothalamus

115
Q

What endocrine functions occur in the hypothalamus?

A

ADH and oxytocin

116
Q

Function of the pineal gland?

A

secretes melatonin

117
Q

3 functions of the hypothalamus

A

hormone production emotion autonomic function

118
Q

What does the thalamus do with sensory information?

A

relays and processes sensory information

119
Q

All sensory that is projected to the cerebral cortex stops here first_______ except smell

A

thalamus

120
Q

What does the thalamus sensory relay system relay information with?

A

Relays information between basal nuclei and cerebral cortex

121
Q

What does the thalamus sensory relay system filter?

A

Filters ascending sensory information for primary sensory cortex

122
Q

What does the thalamus mediate?

A

Mediates sensation, some motor activities, cortical arousal (learning, and memory)

123
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located?

A

lies below the thalamus

124
Q

What does the hypothalamus control?

A

The hypothalamus controls body temperature, hunger, thirst, fatigue, sleep, circadian cycles, blood pressure, digestive tract motility, rate and depth of breathing, and many other visceral activities

125
Q

What is the function of the maxillary bodies in the hypothalamus do?

A

Mamillary bodies: -Relay station for olfactory information -control reflex eating movements

126
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

Major endocrine gland, controls all others

127
Q

What is the pituitary gland connected to?

A

Connected to hypothalamus via infundibulum (stalk)

128
Q

What does the pituitary gland interface?

A

Interfaces nervous and endocrine systems because it is controlled by the hypothalamus

129
Q

Name the two structures of the Telencephalon.

A

Basal nuclei Cerebrum

130
Q

What is another name for basal nuclei

A

also called basal ganglia

131
Q

What is the basal nuclei? What is its function?

A

-Masses of gray matter found deep within the cortical white matter.

132
Q

The Corpus Striatum is composed of three parts name them:

A

Caudate nucleus Lentiform nucleus = putamen and the globus pallidus Fibers of internal capsule running between and through caudate and lentiform nuclei

133
Q

Functions of Basal Nuclei

A

Are involved with: -Subconscious control of skeletal muscle tone -Regulate attention and cognition -Regulate intensity of slow or stereotyped movements (walking, lifting) -Inhibit antagonistic and unnecessary mov. -Subconscious habit learning -May store simple movement patterns -Directs subconscious activities

134
Q

What is the largest part of the brain?

A

cerebrum (make up 83% of its mass)

Conditions in Childhood (10 decks)

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