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ADDED MCAT FLASHCARDS > Neuroscience MCAT > Flashcards

Neuroscience MCAT Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

phrenology

A

Franz Gall

behavior, intellect, personality linked to brain anatomy

if trait well developed, corresponding region of brain larger

proven false

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2
Q

extirpation (or ablation)

A

Pierre Flourens

surgically remove brain regions and observe

consequences

concluded that each area has specific functions

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3
Q

Functionalism

A

study of how mental processes help individuals adapt to environment

William James (father of American psych)

John Dewey

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4
Q

Helmholtz

A

measured speed of nerve impulse

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5
Q

sherrington

A

first to infer existence of synapses

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6
Q

Paul broca

A

Association between brain lesions and functional impairments

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7
Q

afferent neurons

A

sensory neurons - receptors to spinal cord and brain

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8
Q

efferent neurons

A

motor neurons - signals from spinal cord/brain to muscles/glands

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9
Q

interneurons

A

most numerous

part of CNS

linked to reflexive behavior

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10
Q

somatic system

A

part of PNS

voluntary movement

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11
Q

parasympathetic

A

recovery after stress

stimulates digestion, saliva

contracts bladder

slows heart beat

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12
Q

sympathetic

A

stress
fight or flight
bear attack

(nervous sys. understands were in a bad situation)

secretion of adrenaline

pupil dilation

increase in resp. and heartbeat

inhibit digestion

stimulate glucose release

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13
Q

hindbrain functions

A

balance

motor coordination

breathing

digestion

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14
Q

midbrain functions

A

sensorimotor reflexes

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15
Q

forebrain

A

complex perceptual cognitive higher level thinking

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16
Q

pons

A

relays info, regulates sleep

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17
Q

medulla obligata

A

regulates breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure

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18
Q

cerebellum

A

posture balance body movement

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19
Q

superior colliculus

A

(midbrain)

receives visual sensory input

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20
Q

inferior colliculus

A

(midbrain)

receives auditory sensory info

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21
Q

thalamus

A

(forebrain- diencephalon)

sensory relay station (except smell)

“way” station

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22
Q

hypothalamus

A

(forebrain - diencephalon)

regulation of homeostatsis - metabolism, temp, emotions of aggression

4 F’s - feeding, fighting, flighting, **ing

controls release of pituatary hormones

3 regions

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23
Q

lateral hypothalamus

A

(forebrain)

eating and drinking balance

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24
Q

ventromedial hypothalamus

A

(forebrain)

satiating center (fullness)

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25
Q

telancephalon

A

intellect, emotion

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26
Q

diencephalon

A

memory formation, endocrine formation

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27
Q

anterior hypothalamus

A

(forebrain)

sexual behavior

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28
Q

posterior pituitary

A

(forebrain - diencephalon)

below hypothalamus, axonic/nerve connection

secrete hypothalmic hormones in response to hypothalamus

secretes ADH and oxytocin

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29
Q

pineal gland

A

(forebrain - diencephalon)

regulate circadian rhythms, secrete melatonin

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30
Q

basal ganglia

A

(forebrain - telencephalon)

coordinates voluntary muscle movement

malfunctions - parkinson’s, schizophrenia, OCD

inhibitory

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31
Q

limbic system

A

(forebrain - telencephalon)

hippocampus - memory (explicit), learning

amygdala - aggression, fear, implicit memory (emotional memory), desensitization

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32
Q

cerebral cortex

A

(forebrain - telencephalon)

2 hemispheres

4 lobes

frontal - higher level processing, thinking, planning

parietal - spatial orientation

occipital - vision

temporal - auditory info - lang. and music

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33
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

in parietal lobe

receives PNS info - touch pressure temp pain

large tongues and index finger area

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34
Q

motor cortex

A

in frontal lobe

initiates voluntary muscle movement

large hands and face regions - high motor control

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35
Q

corpus callosum

A

connects 2 hemispheres

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36
Q

dominant left brain

A

language reception, scientific, analytical

controls left side hearing (ipsilateral control), right side movement (contralateral control)

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37
Q

non dominant right brain

A

artistic

controls right side hearing (ipsilateral control), left side movement (contralateral control)

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38
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

Unable to establish new memories after event

ex. H.M.

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39
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

Unable to remember events prior to an injury/accident

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40
Q

dopamine

A

CNS

reward circuit - addiction

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41
Q

serotonin

A

CNS

mood/sleep cycle

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42
Q

GABA

A

CNS

brain stabilizer

inhibitory, lets Cl- enter neuron which hyperpolarizes membrane–making AP’s more difficult to achieve

43
Q

Endorphins

A

CNS

kill pain, slower long last effects, euphoria

44
Q

Achetocholine

A

Both CNS and PNS

PNS - voluntary muscles

CNS - attention and arousal

45
Q

Epinepherine

A

-PNS

-adrenaline - sympathetic nerv. sys. -fight or flight

-released by the adrenal medulla (above kidneys)

-promotes glycogenolysis and FA release from adipose tissue

46
Q

Norepinepherine

A

PNS

regulates wakefulness and alertness

47
Q

anterior pituitary

A

not directly connected to hypothalamus, only connected through blood stream

releases endorphins, prolactin, FSH, LH, ACTH, GH,TSH

regulates mentsral cycle and thyroid gland

48
Q

adrenal medulla

A

secretes catecholamines (epinepherine and norepinepherine)

above kidneys

49
Q

adrenal cortex

A

-secretes glucocorticoids, ex. cortisol - increase blood sugar, reduce protein sythn., inhibit immune sys. (participate in stress response) - release stimulated by ACTH.

-secretes mineralocorticoids (increase blood solutes and thus blood pressure) ex. aldosterone

-secretes cortical sex hormones - androgens like testosterone and estrogen
SALT SUGAR SEX

50
Q

gonads

A

produce estrogen and testosterone

51
Q

sensation

A

raw input, signal to CNS

52
Q

perception

A

linked to experiences and biases

53
Q

photoreceptor

A

eyes - rods and cones

54
Q

nocireceptors

A

pain

55
Q

osmoreceptors

A

blood osmolarity, salinity, found in hypothalamus

56
Q

Weber’s law

A

perceptible differences are proportional

there is a constant ratio between change in stimulus magnitude needed to produce a jnd and the magnitude of the original stimulus

ratio to find threshhold: difference between 2 stimuli / original stimulus

57
Q

pupil

A

allows light in,

constricts (parasympathetic) - opiate

expands (sympathetic) - stimulant drugs

58
Q

sclera

A

white of the eye

59
Q

cornea

A

clear dome, gathers and focuses incoming light

60
Q

iris

A

contractor , dilator muscles change size of pupil

61
Q

retina

A

back of eye, screen that converts incoming photons of light to electrical signals

contains rods and cones

62
Q

fovea

A

high concentration of cones

central section of retina

63
Q

cones

A

see color, detail, concentrated in fovea

3 rhodopsin pigments

can’t see color red - missing long wavelength cones

64
Q

rods

A

light and dark

perception of lights or colors

single pigment rhodopsin

low sensitivity to detail

65
Q

optic nerve

A

blind spot, no rods or cones

66
Q

bipolar cells

A

front of retina

more rods and cones connecting to single bipolar cell- less distinction between colors

direct input from rods and cones to bipolar cells

67
Q

ganglion cells

A

travel to optic nerve, form optic nerve

68
Q

horizontal and amicrine cells

A

intermediaries

receive info from multiple retinal cells, edge detection and contrasts

help put whole picture together

69
Q

optic chaism

A

nasal fibers crossing

70
Q

Lateral geniculate nucleus

A

light, a part of the thalamus

71
Q

parvocellular cells

A

shape

72
Q

marvocellular cells

A

motion

73
Q

pinna or oracle

A

outside catilagenous ear

74
Q

tympanic membrane

A

vibrates, touching mallus - series of vibrations

75
Q

middle ear

A

contains 3 smallest bones

mallus

incus

stapes - connected to oval window

76
Q

inner ear

A

oval window to auditory nerve

77
Q

semicircular canals

A

(inner ear)

rotational motion

78
Q

vestibule

A

(inner ear)

linear acceleration

balance and orientation in space

fluid on hair cells

79
Q

cochlea

A

hearing apparatus

hair cell signal transduction

80
Q

perilymph

A

WHAT THE SOUND WAVES TRAVEL THROUGH

cushions structures

81
Q

endolymph

A

bathes hair cells

82
Q

organ of corti

A

actual hearing apparatus

convert physical stimulus to electrical signal

resting on basilar membrane (vibrates) in endolymph, covered by tectorial membrane (immobile)

83
Q

auditory pathway steps

A
  1. auditory input
  2. auditory nerve
  3. superior olive
  4. inferior colliculus
  5. medial geniculate nucleus
  6. temporal cortex
84
Q

olfactory

A

smell

chemoreceptors

does not go through thalamus - straight to olfactory bulb

85
Q

taste

A

chemoreceptors - go through thalamus

86
Q

astrocytes

A

nourish neurons and form blood-brain barrier

type of glial cell

87
Q

ependymal cells

A

line ventricles of brain

produce cerebrospinal fluid - serving as shock absorber

88
Q

microglia

A

phagocytic cells that ingest and break down waste and pathogens in the CNS

89
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

CNS

produce myelin around axons

type of glial cell

90
Q

Schwann cells

A

PNS

produce myelin around axons

91
Q

resting potential and how it is maintained

A

-70mV

more negative inside the cell than outside

Na+/K+ ATPase maintains potential - moves 3 Na+ out of cell for every 2K+ into cell

92
Q

white matter in brain and spinal cord

A

consists of axons encased in myelin sheaths

in brain: lies deeper than grey matter

in spinal cord: lies on the outside

93
Q

grey matter in brain and spinal cord

A

consists of unmyelinated cell bodies and dendrites

in brain: on the outside

in spinal cord: deep within

94
Q

dorsal root ganglia

A

contain cell bodies of sensory neurons (sensitive to pain, temperature, vibrations)

located on the dorsal side of the spinal cord

95
Q

difference between nerves and tracts

A

nerves carry more than one type of info, tracts can only carry one

96
Q

anterior pituatary nmeumoic

A

FLAT peg

FSH

LH

ACTH

TSH

(end of trophic hormones)

prolactin

endorphins

growth hormone (GH)

(end of direct hormones)

97
Q

spatial summation

A

AP depends on multiple neurons

98
Q

temporal summation

A

AP depends on single neuron with increased frequency

99
Q

prefrontal cortex (function)<br></br> -dorsal prefrontal cortex (function)<br></br> -ventral prefrontal cortex (function)<br></br> -ventromedial prefrontal cortex (function)

A
  1. anterior portion of frontal lobes - responsible for intricate planning and cognitive functions, expressing personality, and making decisions
  2. attention and cognition
  3. experiencing emotion
  4. decision-making, controlling emotional responses
100
Q

explicit memory vs implicit memory

A

explicit (hippocampus) - the story of the event, more objective, remember events and how you felt

implicit (amygdala) - sensations/feelings surrounding memory - PTSD

101
Q

left frontal lobe vs right frontal lobe

A

left lobe: positive feelings

right lobe: negative feelings

102
Q

yerkes dodson law

A

there is an optimal level of arousal necessary to perform

103
Q

vagus nerve

A

cranial nerve that decreases HR, increases GI activity

(parasympathetic)

ADDED MCAT FLASHCARDS (2 decks)

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