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ADDED MCAT FLASHCARDS > DNA Replication, Transcription, and Translation > Flashcards

DNA Replication, Transcription, and Translation Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

What enzyme lengthens telomeres?

A

Telomerase

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2
Q

What nucleotides are purines?

A

adenine and guanine

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3
Q

What nucleotides are pyrimidines?

A

cytosine and thymine and uracil

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4
Q

Cells that replicate a lot will have a lot of what enzyme around?

A

Telomerase

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5
Q

What enzyme unwinds DNA for replication?

A

Topoisomerase

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6
Q

What breaks H bonds in DNA?

A

Helicase

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7
Q

What does DNA primase do?

A

places RNA primer

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8
Q

What is the function of an RNA primer?

A

Tells DNA polymerase where to start replicating

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9
Q

What does DNA ligase do?

A

Connects Okazaki fragments together

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10
Q

Where does RNA polymerase bind DNA to start transcription?

A

Promoter

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11
Q

Which strand of DNA is copied during transcription (2 names)

A

Template strand or antisense strand

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12
Q

Which strand of DNA is not copied during transcription (2 names for it)

A

Coding strand or sense strand

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13
Q

The sense strand contains codons or anticodons?

A

Codons

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14
Q

The template strand contains codons or anticodons?

A

Anticodons

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15
Q

The pre-mRNA has the same sequence as which DNA strand?

A

Coding strand or sense strand

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16
Q

Where does RNA polymerase stop in bacteria?

A

terminator

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17
Q

How does RNA polymerase stop transcription in bacteria?

A

forms a hairpin at the terminator

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18
Q

What are the three things that happen during mRNA processing?

A

5’ cap, poly A tail, splicing

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19
Q

What is the 5’ cap made from?

A

Guanine

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20
Q

Poly A tail is made from?

A

Adenine

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21
Q

Where does processing occur?

A

nucleus

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22
Q

What is the role of rRNA?

A

provides structure to ribosomes

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23
Q

start codon

A

AUG

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24
Q

Stop codon

A

UAA, UGA, UAG

25
Q

What are the three sites on a ribosome?

A

A, P, E

26
Q

What does acetylation do

A

Removes methionine from protein

27
Q

When does acetylation happen?

A

During translation

28
Q

Where in the cell does glycosylation occur?

A

ER and golgi

29
Q

Where in the cell does lipidation occur?

A

ER and golig

30
Q

What post-translational modification turns genes on and off?

A

Methylation

31
Q

What post-translational modification activates proteins by cutting them?

A

Proteolysis

32
Q

What post-translational modification marks proteins for destruction?

A

Ubiquination

33
Q

What post-translational modification activates or deactivates proteins?

A

Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation

34
Q

What is the Shine Delgarno Sequence?

A

site on bacterial mRNA where ribosome binds to start translation

35
Q

Where does the ribosome bind to mRNA in eukaryotes?

A

guanine on 5’ cap

36
Q

Where does transcription occur in prokaryotes?

A

cytoplasm

37
Q

Where does transcription occur in eukaryotes?

A

nucleus

38
Q

Where does translation occur in prokaryotes?

A

cytoplasm

39
Q

Where does translation occur in eukaryotes?

A

cytoplasm

40
Q

How does the first amino acid encoded in a prokaryote protein differ from a eukaryote?

A

methionine with a formal group

41
Q

What two DNA polymerases help with DNA repair?

A

DNA polymerase 1 and 3

42
Q

What direction is the exonuclease activity of DNA polymerase 3?

A

3’ –> 5’

43
Q

What direction is the exonuclease activity of DNA polymerase 1?

A

5’ –> 3’

44
Q

When do DNA polymerase 3 and 1 act to repair DNA?

A

During or at the end of replication

45
Q

What is the first step of the mismatch repair mechanism?

A

Mark mutation with a cut

46
Q

How is the incorrect nucleotide removed in mismatch repair mechanism?

A

exonuclease

47
Q

What protein inserts the correct nucleotide into the new DNA strand in mismatch repair?

A

DNA Polymerase

48
Q

What protein will correct the distorted DNA backbone in the mismatch repair mechanism?

A

DNA ligase

49
Q

How does bacteria know which strand is the template DNA strand and which is the new copy?

A

template strand is methylated

50
Q

What are endogenous factors that damage DNA?

A

reactive oxygen species (superoxide and peroxide)

51
Q

What are exogenous factors that damage DNA?

A

UV rays, gamma rays, X-rays

52
Q

When is nucleotide excision repair required?

A

When a pyrimidine dimer has occurred

53
Q

What are the three enzymes required for nucleotide excision repair?

A

endonuclease, DNA polymerase, DNA ligase

54
Q

What 3 genes is the lac operon composed of?

A

lac z, lac y, lac a

55
Q

What does Lac z encode?

A

B-galactosidase

56
Q

What does lac y encode?

A

lactose permease

57
Q

Where does the repressor bind in the lac operon?

A

Operator site

58
Q

What needs to bind to the repressor in order to allow RNA polymerase to transcribe?

A

lactose

59
Q

What does B-galactosidase do?

A

breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose

ADDED MCAT FLASHCARDS (2 decks)

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