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Semester 2 Biology Revision > Neuroscience Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Neuroscience Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a disease?

A

A particular distinctive PROCESS in the body with a SPECFIC cause and CHARACTERISTIC symptoms.

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2
Q

What is a disorder?

A

IRREGULARITY, DISTURBANCE or INTERRUPTION of a NORMAL function.

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3
Q

What is Huntington’s Disease also known as?

A

HUNTINGTON CHOREA

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4
Q

What is Huntington’s Disease associated with?

A

Abnormal and involuntary movements.

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5
Q

Approximately how many people does Huntington’s Disease effect? Who does it affect?

A

1/15,000- 1/30,000

Men and Women affected equally.

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6
Q

What is the average age of onset for Huntington’s Disease?

A

37 years old.

Between ages 30-50.

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7
Q

What does Huntington’s Disease affect?

A

Mood
Personality
Cognition
Movement.

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8
Q

What type of disorder is Huntington’s Disease? So it effects?

A

Genetic Disorder.

Autosomal Dominant so one copy of mutant gene and one normal gene on the pair of chromosomes.

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9
Q

In Huntington’s Disease what percentage is expressed in phenotypes of individuals carrying it?

A

100%

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10
Q

What is the most common form of Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Dementia

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11
Q

What is Alzheimer’s disease?

A

The disease is where there is a LOSS of neurons in the brain which is characterised by PLAQUES and TANGLES.

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12
Q

The lost of ___________ is a core feature in Alzheimer’s disease.

A

Memory

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13
Q

How many people in the UK have Dementia right now?

A

850,000

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14
Q

How many individuals over the age of 65 and over the age of 80 have dementia right now in the UK?

A

Over 65- 1/ 14

Over 80- 1/6

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15
Q

What is Parkinson’s disease?

A

The DEGENERATION of DOPAMINERGIC neurons of the nigro- striatal tract (part of the basal ganglia).

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of Parkinson’s disease? (3)

A

Slowness of Movement (Bradykinesia)
Temor
Rigidity.

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17
Q

What is Bradykinesia?

A

Slowness of Movement

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18
Q

What other disease is strongly associated with Parkinson’s disease?

A

Dementia

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19
Q

For Parkinson’s disease what age is considered as early onset?

A

Under age of 50.

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20
Q

What are the 2 other names for Motor Neurone Disease?

A

AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS (ALS)

LOU GEHRIG’S DISEASE

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21
Q

What is the most common sub type of Motor Neurone Disease?

A

ALS

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22
Q

What percentage of Motor Neurone Disease occurs within families?

A

10%

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23
Q

What is Motor Neurone Disease?

A

DEGENERATION of MOTOR NEURONS

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24
Q

What are the symptoms of Motor Neurone Disease?

A

Loss of Muscle Control.

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25
Q

Since symptoms for Motor Neurone Disease are progressive what will this eventually effect?

A

Eventually affect breathing.

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26
Q

With Motor Neurone Disease, what parts of the body are usually unaffected?

A

Sense

Mind

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27
Q

What is the lifetime risk for Motor Neurone Disease?

A

1/300

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28
Q

What age is most common for Motor Neurone Disease to occur?

A

Over 50 but can occur at any age.

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29
Q

What is a Stroke?

A

Loss of Blood supply to a region in the brain.

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30
Q

What are the core symptoms of a stroke?

A

FAST- Face, Arms, Speech and Time,

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31
Q

What is an Ischemic Stroke?

A

Blood clot BLOCKS blood vessels.

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32
Q

What does ischemia mean?

A

INADEQUATE blood supply.

33
Q

What is an Haemorrghaic stroke?

A

Blood vessel suppling the brain has BURST.

34
Q

According to the NHS what percentage of strokes are Ischemic?

35
Q

What is a traumatic brain injury?

A

Damage to the brain caused by IMPACT, INJURY or VIOLENT movements.

36
Q

For a traumatic brain injury different regions of the brain are effect depending on what?

A

Damage to the brain caused by IMPACT, INJURY or VIOLENT movements.

37
Q

What is the Glasgow Coma scale?

A

Rates Levels of CONSCIOUSNESS.

38
Q

On the Glasgow Coma Scale what is a score which is considered as severe?

A

15.9 or under.

39
Q

What is a Spinal Cord injury?

A

Spinal cord injury is DAMAGE to the SPINE.

40
Q

For a Spinal Cord injury what do the symptoms depend on? On the spinal cord where are the most problems?

A

on what point of the spine is injured depends on the symptoms. The HIGHER UP the injury the more systems which are affected.

41
Q

What is a complete Spinal Cord injury?

A

All feeling and all abilities to control movement below the site of the injury are LOST.

42
Q

What is an incomplete Spinal Cord injury?

A

Individual retains some feeling below the site of injury.

43
Q

What is peripheral neuropathy?

A

DAMAGE to PERIPHERAL nerves.

44
Q

What is peripheral neuropathy caused by?

A

Diabetes

Injury/ Accident.

45
Q

Peripheral neuropathy is common in injuries over what age? What percentage of this age group equates for all peripheral neuropathy injuries?

A

Over age of 55.

10%

46
Q

What are the symptoms of peripheral neuropathy?

A

NUMBNESS
TINGLING
PAIN in affected areas

47
Q

What are the symptoms of Major Depression?

A

DEPRESSED MOOD,
HYPERSOMNIA/ INSOMNIA
ANHEDONIA (Loss of pleasure)
LOSS of MOTIVATION/ ENERGY

48
Q

To be diagnosed with major depression how long should symptoms present themselves for?

A

Most days for more than 2 weeks.

49
Q

What are the treatments for Major Depression?

A

COGNITIVE BEHAVIOUR THERAPHY

COUNSELLING ANTIDEPRESSANT MEDICATIONS

50
Q

What is anhedonia?

A

Loss of Pleasure.

51
Q

Name 3 types of anxiety disorder:

A
  • GENERALISED anxiety disorder.
  • PANIC disorder.
  • OBESSIVE COMPULSIVE disorder.
52
Q

What are Anxiety disorders?

A

PERSISTENT and/or EXCESSIVE feelings of anxiety to an extent where it impacts upon a person’s ability to function.

53
Q

What is Biopolar disorder?

A

Phases of DEPRESSION which are combined with phases of “MANIA.”

54
Q

In Biopolar disorder manic episodes can include what?

A 
High levels of ACTIVITY
GOAL- ORIENTATED/ UNFOCUSED
DISTRACTIBLE
RACING THOUGHTS 
HIGHLY TALKATIVE.
55
Q

What is Biopolar disorder also known as?

A

MANIC DEPRESSION.

56
Q

When is the onset for Schizophrenia?

A

Adolescence/ Early Adulthood.

57
Q

What is Psychosis?

A

Condition where thoughts/ feelings are affected.

58
Q

What is the Psychosis for Schizophrenia?

A

HALLUCINATIONS/ DELUSIONS.

59
Q

What does Schizophrenia effect?

A

Disorganised speech/ behaviour.

Cognitive Symptoms- Attention/ Working Memory

60
Q

What is Schizophrenia NOT?

A

Multiple personality disorder

61
Q

What is multiple personality disorder called?

A

DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER.

62
Q

What type of condition is myasthenia gravis?

A

Autoimmune Condition.

63
Q

What happens in myasthenia gravis?

A

Patients ANTIBODIES attach the ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS at the neuromuscular junction.

64
Q

In Myasthenia gravis what happens to symptoms?

A

Long term.

Patients improve/ worsen.

65
Q

What are the symptoms of myasthenia gravis?

A

DROOPED EYELIDS
SLURRED SPEECH
DOUBLE VISION
WEAKNESS in ARMS/ LEGS

66
Q

What is meningitis?

A

INFLAMMATION of the MENINGES surround the brain.

67
Q

How is meningitis caused?

A

By different organisms including viruses, bacteria and fungi

68
Q

What is more serious bacterial or viral meningitis?

A

Bacterial Meningitis.

69
Q

What percentage of bacterial cases are fatal?

70
Q

What are meningitis symptoms?

A

STIFF NECK
Dislike of BRIGHT LIGHTS, HEADACHE
RASH
VOMITING

71
Q

What can meningitis lead to?

A

SEPTICAEMIA

SEPSIS

72
Q

What is Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?

A

AUTOIMMUNE disorder when MYELINATION of CENTRAL nerves is targeted.

73
Q

When does Multiple Sclerosis develop?

A

Lifelong condition- EARLY ADULTHOOD

74
Q

What are the symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis?

A

FATIGUE
BLURRED VISION
Difficulty with MOVEMENT, BALANCE and COORDINATION.

75
Q

What is Guillain- Barré syndrome?

A

AUTOIMMUNE disorder when MYELINATION of PERIPHERAL nerves is targeted.

76
Q

What are the milder symptoms of Guillain- Barré syndrome?

A

AUTOIMMUNE disorder when MYELINATION of PERIPHERAL nerves is targeted.

77
Q

What are the more serve symptoms of Guillain- Barré syndrome?

A

MUSCLE WEAKNESS
PINS and NEEDLES
PAIN

78
Q

How is Guillain- Barré syndrome triggered?

A

By infection.

Semester 2 Biology Revision (5 decks)

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