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Neuroscience > Neuroscience Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Neuroscience Chapter 5 Flashcards

Neuroscience Exam #1

1
Q

What does it mean for a neuron to be plastic?

A

they are changeable OR

strength of connection can be increased or decreased between neurons based on what we do

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2
Q

What are the 4 main components of a neuron

A

Soma
Dendrite
Axon
Axon Hillock

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3
Q

What are the 3 secondary components of a neuron

A

presynaptic terminal
synapse
post-synaptic terminal

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4
Q

Describe the function of the soma

A

neurons in the soma have all the machinery to keep cell alive and functioning

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5
Q

What is the function of the dendrite

A

Part of the neuron that receives messages from other neurons

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6
Q

Describe the structure of a dendrite

A

branch like projections out from cell body where neural membrane project out

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7
Q

Is a dendrite the receiving antenna or transmitting antenna?

A

Receiving antenna

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8
Q

What is the function of an axon?

A

takes electrical signal from cell body out to its send so it can deliver the message to other neurons

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9
Q

Where is the axon hillock located

A

most proximal piece of axon

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10
Q

what is the function of the axon hillock?

A

where electrical signal is created then gets transmitter out to the end of the axon

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11
Q

where is the presynaptic terminal located?

A

End of axon

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12
Q

where does the messages from the presynaptic terminal get sent to?

A

synaptic cleft

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13
Q

describe the synaptic cleft

A

space between presynaptic terminal and postsynaptic terminal

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14
Q

What is the function of the postsynaptic terminal?

A

dendrite or cell body that receives chemical messages that has been delivered through the synapse

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15
Q

what are the 4 functions of a neuron?

A

Receive
Integrate
Transmit
Transfer

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16
Q

Describe the receiving function of a neuron

A

neurons receive chemical messages from other neurons because of the rich connection network

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17
Q

Describe the integrating function of a neuron

A

boil down and take what is the most common message that is being received

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18
Q

Describe the transmitting function of a neuron

A

signal is electrically transmitted from cell body, down axon and to the synapse

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19
Q

Describe the transfer function of a neuron

A

neuron releasing chemicals across synapse and diffuse out to activate next neuron in line

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20
Q

what are the two types of axoplasmic transport?

A

Anterograde

Retrograde

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21
Q

Describe anterograde transport

A

Neurotransmitter from cell body is taken down to the end of the axon where it is dropped off

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22
Q

Describe Retrograde transport

A

backwards from the usual direction of function, empty vesicles are brought back to the cell body from the end of the axon

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23
Q

What are the 4 types of neurons

A

Bipolar
Pseudo-unipolar
Multipolar
Interneuron

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24
Q

Describe the structure of a bipolar neuron

A

two major trunks that extend away from cell body, one axenic and one is dendritic

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25
Q

where are bipolar neurons most commonly found

A

retina of eye

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26
Q

Describe the structure of a pseudo-unipolar

A

there is a peripheral axon and central axon that come off the soma

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27
Q

describe how the peripheral axon acts like a dendrite in a pseudo-unipolar neuron

A

peripheral axon act like dendrite and receives messages and transmits them toward cell body

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28
Q

Describe the function of the central axon in a pseudo-unipolar neuron

A

takes message away from cell body and delivers messages to other neurons in nervous system

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29
Q

describe the full process of a signal being transmitted through a pseudo-unipolar neuron

A

terminal branches feel touch and send AP up peripheral axon past cell body to central axon and message of touch gets delivered to other parts of the nervous system

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30
Q

where are pseudo-unipolar neurons commonly found

A

Somato-sensory system

Sensation system

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31
Q

describe the structure of a multipolar neuron

A

many major dendritic trunks that extend away from cell body

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32
Q

where are multipolar neurons most commonly found

A

brain and somatic-motor system

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33
Q

Describe the structure of an interneuron

A

one cell body, many dendritic trunks, and one axonic trunk

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34
Q

Where are interneurons found?

A

between axon of one neuron and dendrite of another neuron

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35
Q

what is the function of an interneuron?

A

gets a message from the axon of one big neuron and delivers message to another but can also modify and deliver message to dendrite of another big neuron

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36
Q

What are the 4 types of membrane channels

A

Leak
Modality
Ligand
Voltage

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37
Q

describe the leaky membrane channel

A

open all the time and ions and other formed elements can pass down electrical gradient from high to low ALL THE TIME

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38
Q

which of the 4 types of membrane channels are non-gated?

A

Leak

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39
Q

How do modality gated channels open?

A

from physical modality (touch or temperature)

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40
Q

How do ligand-gated channels open?

A

from the binding of a neurotransmitter

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41
Q

How do voltage-gated channels open?

A

change of relative charge/voltage across membrane (depolarization of cell)

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42
Q

What are the 3 types of electrical potentials in a cell

A

Resting membrane potential
Local potential
Action potential

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43
Q

Is the inside or outside of the cell negative?

A

Inside

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44
Q

what does polarized mean?

A

different polarity outside the cell compared to the inside of the cell

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45
Q

What is a local potential?

A

small change in polarity that travels a short distance

46
Q

Does a local potential happen around one or many membrane channels?

A

Just one

47
Q

What is an action potential?

A

change in polarity that travels a long distance along axon of nerve cell. Happens when a cell is depolarized and reaches a threshold

48
Q

If a cell depolarizes, is it excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Excitatory

49
Q

In depolarization, does the cell become more or less negative?

A

Less negative

50
Q

what does excitatory mean?

A

more likely to create an action potential

51
Q

What does it mean for a cell to become hyperpolarized?

A

the inside of the cell becomes more negative

52
Q

If a cell is hyperpolarized, is it more likely or less likely to create an action potential?

A

less likely

53
Q

what is one ion that must enter a cell to depolarize it?

A

Sodium

54
Q

What is one ion that must enter a cell to hyperpolarize it?

A

Chloride

55
Q

Is a local potential active or passive?

A

passive

56
Q

what does it mean for a local potential to be graded?

A

the more gates that are open, the bigger the local change of polarity

57
Q

which type of potential has an all or none principle?

A

Action potential

58
Q

describe a local potential in regards to a neurotransmitter binding to a channel

A

when the modality of neurotransmitter binds to the channel, the ions spill inside the neuron and spread out.

so at the opening there is t the most change in polarity and the outside of the neuron has the least amount of change

59
Q

What is temporal summation?

A

multiple repeated stimuli

60
Q

what is spatial summation?

A

when there are multiple ion channels that are spaced away from each other and they all open at the same time, is allows ions to passively spill a farther distance

61
Q

What does it mean for an action potential to be depolarizing only?

A

once you open the gates then the membrane gets depolarized and an AP is created

62
Q

what is passive propagation?

A

all of the sodium ions that go into the cell spill a long distance fast

63
Q

what is active propagation?

A

ions spill far enough that they open next set of voltage gated channels and create an AP

64
Q

what is the refractory period?

A

very short period of time where neuron has not reset voltage gated channels and cannot send another signal

65
Q

What is the functional significance of the refractory period?

A

AP can only travel one way, they cannot turn around and go backwards

66
Q

what happens to an AP when a nerve is unmyelinated?

A

AP keeps getting recreated but goes fairly slow because all the channels are right next to each other

67
Q

What causes an AP to travel faster?

A

larger diameter AND thicker myelin

68
Q

What is saltatory conduction?

A

AP jumps from one node to the next

69
Q

What is the name of the junction where AP jump to in a myelinated neuron?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

70
Q

What is a pathway?

A

long axons (bundles) that carry information in either efferent or afferent direction

71
Q

How do you name a pathway?

A

Origin + Termination

72
Q

What does it mean for a neuron to converge?

A

many upstream neurons are being collected by one downstream neuron

73
Q

How many excitations are there to inhibitions in a neuron that has 3 upstream neurons?

A

2 excitations to 1 inhibition

74
Q

what does it mean for neuron to diverge?

A

one neuron is splitting into many axons

75
Q

What are the function of glial cell?

A

Provide structure for neural cell
May assist with transmission of information
May assist with regulation of extracellular fluid
Possible role in pathogenesis

76
Q

What are glial cells?

A

signaling and supporting cells

77
Q

what does it mean for a glial cell to assist with transmission of information?

A

Glial cells can enhance or decrease signal that is being sent

78
Q

Describe pathogenesis in a glial cell

A

sweep up debris in between neurons

79
Q

what is the function of Oligodendrocyte?

A

cell that myelinates axons in the CNS

80
Q

Can a oligodendrocyte reach one or many axons?

A

MANY

81
Q

what is the function of a schwann cell?

A

cell that myelinates peripheral neurons

82
Q

what is a myelinated Schwann cell?

A

Multiple wraps of myelin around the axon

83
Q

What is an unmyelinated Schwann Cell?

A

ONE simple wrap of myelin around an axon

84
Q

although an unmyelinated axon does not speed up transmission it does offer_____?

A

Protection

85
Q

what is the phagocytic function of a Schwann Cell?

A

Engulf and swallow debris when there is injury

86
Q

What are the function of a Astrocyte?

A

Signaling/Cleaning/Nourishing

87
Q

What two neurotransmitters do astrocytes carry?

A

Calcium and glutamate

88
Q

what is the scavenger function of an Astrocyte?

A

Clear excess potassium out of ECF or clear excess neurotransmitter to reset resting membrane potential

89
Q

How does a Astrocyte connect neurons and capillaries?

A

Astrocyte sends end feet to a capillary where it protects the tight junctions and the other end foot sits on a neuron to provide a stable framework

90
Q

What are the main functions of a microglia?

A

Phagocytic function in injury

Destruction of aging neurons

91
Q

Describe the phagocytic function of a microglial cell?

A

anything that is not needed in the ECF is engulfed and swallowed out of the area

92
Q

How do microglia destroy aging neurons

A

failing or old neurons that are beginning to die are engulfed out of the area

93
Q

How can abnormal activation of a microglia contribute to brain disease?

A

microglia that are turned on to premature can destroy neurons that are not old yet and can cause diseases such as Alzheimer’s

94
Q

What is the beneficial effect of neuroinflammation?

A

mobilize cells to the area to help resolve injury

95
Q

What are the harmful effects of neuroinflammation?

A

In the brain, tissue gets squeezed from the additional fluid in the area and becomes hypoxic which can cause the tissue to fall asleep or die

96
Q

what is Guillain-Barre

A

Auto immune attack on Schwann cells

97
Q

What does demyelination affect in Guillain-Barre?

A

can affect sensory, motor, and autonomic peripheral neurons

98
Q

How does remyelination occur in Guillain-barre?

A

After demyelination occurs, remaining Schwann cells clean up debris and peripheral nerves can regrow and remyelinate

99
Q

What cells are attacked in MS

A

oligodendrocytes

100
Q

Is myelin able to regrow in MS

A

NO

101
Q

What happens to function over time in MS

A

function may increase/decease over time, but typical prognosis is for gradual progression of the disease with gradual progressive loss of function

102
Q

Does MS affect peripheral nerves of central nerves

A

Central nerves

103
Q

Does Guillain-Barre affect peripheral or central nerves

A

Peripheral

104
Q

what is Sclerosis

A

“hardening”

myelin has been destroyed and neurons have died

105
Q

What kind of signs and symptoms would you see if there was a glial tumor in the frontal lobe?

A

executive function might fail along with problem solving and planning
there would also be motor loss

106
Q

What is a common tumor of the CNS

A

Astrocytoma

107
Q

What are the 3 functions of a stem cell

A

Self-Renew
Differentiate
Populate

108
Q

What does it mean for a stem cell to self-renew

A

reduplicate themselves

109
Q

What does it mean for stem cell to differentiate?

A

take upon function of whatever area you put them into

110
Q

What does it mean for a stem cell to populate

A

populate said area with normally functioning neurons

Neuroscience (5 decks)

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