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Neuroscience > Neuroscience Chapter 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Neuroscience Chapter 1 & 2 Flashcards

Part of Exam 1

1
Q

What are the three brains?

A

Reptilian brain
Limbic system
Neocortex

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2
Q

Reptilian brain function

A

day-to-day survival, vital signs, gross movements

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3
Q

Limbic System function

A

survival of the species, feeding, fighting, flight, reproduction

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4
Q

neocortex function

A

fine movements, socially acceptable behavior

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5
Q

Superior

A

above

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6
Q

inferior

A

below

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7
Q

rostral

A

nose end of the nervous system

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8
Q

caudal

A

toward the tail end of nervous system

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9
Q

anterior

A

ventral

front

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10
Q

Posterior

A

Dorsal

back

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11
Q

medial

A

towards the midline

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12
Q

lateral

A

away from the midline

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13
Q

proximal

A

near the attachment

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14
Q

distal

A

away from the attachment

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15
Q

ipsilateral

A

same side

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16
Q

contralateral

A

opposite side

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17
Q

3 planes

A

sagittal
horizontal
coronal

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18
Q

sagittal

A

side view

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19
Q

Horizontal

A

looking down on horizontal slice

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20
Q

Coronal

A

looking at front/back

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21
Q

White Matter Definition

A

bundles of neurons covered in myelin

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22
Q

White matter structures

A 
Tract
Lemniscus
Fascicules
Column
Peduncle 
Capsule
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23
Q

Gray Matter Definition

A

clusters of cell bodies

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24
Q

Gray Matter structures

A

ganglion
Nucleus
Horn
Cortex

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25
Q

Afferent Axons

A

Sensory in nature

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26
Q

Afferent Axon direction

A

go towards the CNS

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27
Q

Efferent Axons

A

motor in nature

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28
Q

Efferent Axons direction

A

away from the CNS

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29
Q

CNS regions

A

Spinal Region
Brainstem/Cerebellum Region
Cerebral Region

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30
Q

Spinal Region

A

31 spinal segments

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31
Q

31 spinal segments

A 
8 cervical 
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral 
1 coccygeal
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32
Q

Spinal roots

A

Dorsal root

Ventral Root

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33
Q

Dorsal Root

A

bundle of sensory neurons

afferent messages

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34
Q

Ventral Root

A

Bundle of motor neurons

efferent messages

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35
Q

Dorsal Ramus

A

Contains all the sensory/motor and ANS that supply the dorsal side

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36
Q

Ventral Ramus

A

Contains all the motor neurons that supply the ventral side and the arms and legs

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37
Q

Ramus definition

A

peripheral projection that supplies signals to the dorsal/ventral side of the body

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38
Q

Spinal Nerve definition

A

place where all of the sensory/motor axons come together for any one spinal cord

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39
Q

Dorsal horn

A

cell bodies of the sensory system

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40
Q

Ventral Horn

A

Cell bodies of the motor system

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41
Q

Lateral Horn

A

Cell bodies of the autonomic system

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42
Q

Horn definition

A

cell bodies of neurons (gray matter)

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43
Q

Dorsal Column

A

Myelinated axons for sensory

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44
Q

Anterior Column

A

Myelinated axons for motor

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45
Q

Lateral column

A

myelinated axons for autonomic system

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46
Q

Column definition

A

bundle of neurons are covered in myelin (white matter)

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47
Q

In the spinal region what does White matter do?

A

transmits information

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48
Q

In the spinal region what does gray matter do?

A

processess information

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49
Q

What makes up the brain stem?

A

Medulla
Pons
Midbrain

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50
Q

what is the function of the pons

A

makes a copy of what movement you are planning and sends the signal to the cerebellum

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51
Q

What is the function of the Brain Stem?

A

Source of autonomic control (Vital Center)

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52
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Organ of balance and Coordination

compare what we meant to do to what we’re really doing and makes a change if needed

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53
Q

What is the function of the hemispheres of the cerebellum?

A

help control movements of our arms and legs

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54
Q

What is the function of the vermis

A

Controls the midline

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55
Q

What is the peduncle of the cerebellum?

A

axon bundles that connect the cerebellum to the rest of the brain

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56
Q

Which cranial nerves are on the cerebrum?

A

Cranial Nerves 1 & 2

Olfactory & Optic

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57
Q

which cranial nerves are on the midbrain?

A

Cranial Nerves 3 & 4

Oculomotor & Trochlear

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58
Q

Which cranial nerves are on the pons?

A

Cranial Nerves 5, 6, 7, & 8

Trigeminal, abducens, Facial, Vestibulocochlear

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59
Q

Which cranial nerves are on the medulla?

A

Cranial Nerves 9, 10, 11, & 12

glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Spinal Accessory, Hypoglossal

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60
Q

What two structures are part of the Diencephalon?

A

thalamus

basal ganglia

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61
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

egg shaped cluster of cells at the base of the brain involved with the sensory pathway

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62
Q

What is the function of the Basal Ganglia?

A

Associated with planning movement

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63
Q

What is a Gyrus?

A

Out-folding on the surface of the brain

64
Q

What is a sulcus?

A

In-folding/shallow valley

65
Q

What is a fissure?

A

Very deep valley separating structures or hemispheres

66
Q

which structures does the longitudinal fissure separate?

A

left and right hemisphere

67
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the brain

A

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital

68
Q

Where is the frontal lobe?

A

behind the forehead, behind your eyes

69
Q

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

A

rational thought/thinking ability (consciousness/thinking ability)

70
Q

what cells make up the frontal lobe?

A

motor cells that control movement

71
Q

Where is the parietal lobe?

A

Above the ears

posterior to the midline of the brain

72
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

A

sensory function

“Somato”– body sensation

73
Q

Where is the temporal lobe?

A

behind the ears

74
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

A

special sensation of hearing

makes meaning out of things you hear

75
Q

Where is the occipital lobe?

A

back of the skull

76
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

receiving signals from the eyes and making meaning (vision)

77
Q

Where is the limbic lobe?

A

gyrus and area of the brain that is just wrapped around the basal ganglia and thalamus

78
Q

What is the function of the limbic lobe?

A

emotion and memory

survival of the species brain

79
Q

Where is the insular lobe?

A

buried or insulated from everything else

80
Q

What are the 4 sulcus’s of the cerebrum?

A

Central Sulcus
Lateral Sulcus
Cingulate sulcus
Parieto-occipital sulcus

81
Q

What structures does the central sulcus separate?

A

separates frontal from parietal lobes

82
Q

What structures does the lateral sulcus separate?

A

separates temporal from parietal and frontal lobes

83
Q

What structures does the cingulate lobe separate?

A

separates limbic lobe from everything else

84
Q

What structures does the Parieto-Occipital lobe separate?

A

separates parietal lobe from the occipital lobe

85
Q

What does the corpus callosum contain?

A

contains the axons that connect the left to the right hemisphere

86
Q

What does the internal capsule contain?

A

fiber bundle that connects the head with the rest of the body

87
Q

Function of the cerebrospinal fluid

A

mechanically cushions and chemically protects the spinal cord

88
Q

What is the order in which fluid travels from the heart to inside the brain and back?

A

fluid enters from the heart into the lateral ventricles then it travels into the intraventricular foramen and into the third ventricle then from the cerebral aquaduct fluid travels into the fourth ventricle and then travels through the lateral and median foramina and back into the heart

89
Q

Where are the lateral ventricles located?

A

buried down the center of each hemisphere from front to back

90
Q

What does the interventricular foramen do?

A

allows fluid from the lateral ventricles to escape

91
Q

Where is the third ventricle located?

A

midline between the two thalamus’s

92
Q

what does the cerebral aquaduct do?

A

waterway that lets fluid out of the thalamus and into the fourth ventricle

93
Q

where is the fourth ventricle located?

A

internal cushioning between the pons and the cerebellum

94
Q

What is the function of the foramina?

A

allows fluid to leak from the inside to the outside

95
Q

What are meninges?

A

connective tissue covering the brain and spinal cord that become the outside cover that protects the brain

96
Q

Where is dura mater located?

A

most external to the brain and spinal cord

very tightly applied to the skull and vertebral rings of the spinal column

97
Q

What is the function of a dural sinus?

A

help fluid drain back to the heart.

Takes up used up blood and CSF and routes it back to the heart.

98
Q

Where is the Falx Cerebri located?

A

dives deep between the two hemispheres

99
Q

What is the function of the Flax Cerebri?

A

keep the two hemispheres from banging into one another

100
Q

what is the function of the Tentorium Cerebelli?

A

Keep the cerebellum from banging against the occipital lobe

101
Q

Where is CSF of the external water balloon stored?

A

Arachnoid Mater

102
Q

Describe Arachnoid Mater

A

white spider web appearance

103
Q

What is Arachnoid Villi?

A

a small projection of arachnoid mater that pokes through the dura and goes into the sinus

104
Q

What is the function of arachnoid granulations?

A

the spot where CSF that has already circulated inside and outside goes into the sinus in order to go back to the heart

105
Q

What is the subarachnoid space?

A

“external water balloon”

where all of the fluid is contained outside of the spinal cord and brain

106
Q

What is Pia Mater?

A

connective tissue sheet that is closely applied to the brain itself.

Anchors the external water balloon to the brain and spinal cord

107
Q

Formation and circulation of CSF

A 
Heart
Choroid Plexus
1st and 2nd ventricle 
Interventricular foramina 
3rd ventricle 
cerebral aquaduct 
4th ventricle 
median & lateral aperatures
subarachnoid space
arachnoid villi
arachnoid granulations
dural sinuses
jugular veins
heart
108
Q

What is the choroid plexus?

A

“leaky network”

109
Q

What is the function of the Choroid Plexus?

A

Network of capillaries that strains whole blood and allows the fluid to flow into the ventricles but keeps the cells and other formed elements inside the blood stream

110
Q

Which ventricle has the highest pressure gradient?

A

lateral ventricles

111
Q

Where do the jugular veins collect CSF from?

A

Dural sinuses

112
Q

What part(s) of the brain does the posterior blood supply, supply?

A

occipital lobe and covers all of the brain stem/back bottom of the cerebellum

113
Q

What part(s) of the brain does the anterior blood supply, supply?

A

top and front part of the cerebrum

114
Q

How does peripheral neuropathy happen?

A

impairment of the blood circulation in the periphery and secondary impairment of the nerve axons which can kills the peripheral nerves

115
Q

Where is the anterior spinal artery located?

A

from C1 to C31

runs down spinal cord from top to bottom

116
Q

What does the anterior spinal artery supply?

A

gives blood to front 1/2 of spinal cord

117
Q

what would you see if there is an impairment to the anterior spinal artery?

A

they will show MOTOR signs/symptoms

118
Q

Where is the posterior spinal artery located?

A

from C1 to C31

119
Q

What does the posterior spinal artery supply?

A

provide blood to back 1/2 of spinal cord

120
Q

What would you see if there is an impairment to the posterior spinal artery?

A

they will show SENSORY signs/symptoms

121
Q

What is the function of the medullary arteries?

A

how anterior and posterior arteries

122
Q

where are the medullary arteries located?

A

they feed out from every spinal segment

123
Q

where are the segmental arteries located?

A

follows spinal segment away from spinal cord

124
Q

What do segmental arteries supply?

A

give blood to spinal processes and also give blood to the spinal nerves

125
Q

where are the vertebral arteries located?

A

come in front of the medulla

126
Q

what parts of the cerebellum does the posterior inferior cerebellar arteries supply?

A

back bottom of the cerebellum

127
Q

describe the location and structure of the basilar artery

A

lies in the midline in front of the pons

it is the fusion of the two vertebral arteries

128
Q

What is the function of the basilar artery?

A

it is the transition from vertebral to cerebral blood supply

129
Q

what artery branches off the vertebral artery?

A

posterior inferior cerebellar artery

130
Q

what arteries branches off the basilar artery?

A

anterior inferior cerebellar arteries

superior cerebellar arteries

131
Q

what parts of the cerebellum does the anterior inferior cerebellar artery supply?

A

bottom front of the cerebellum

132
Q

what braches off the top of the basilar artery?

A

superior cerebellar arteries

133
Q

what part of the cerebellum does the superior cerebellar arteries supply?

A

top of the cerebellum

134
Q

once the basilar artery gets to the top of the pons, what does it split into?

A

posterior cerebral arteries

135
Q

what parts of the brain does the posterior cerebral arteries supply?

A

back bottom of the brain and gives blood to the occipital lobe and bottom of temporal lobe

136
Q

where are the internal carotid arteries located?

A

either side of the windpipe and ascend up neck until they reach base of brain

137
Q

what parts of the brain does the internal carotid supply?

A

one artery covers the longitudinal fissure and the another artery covers the aspect of the frontal, temporal and parietal lobes

138
Q

what arteries branch off the internal carotid?

A

anterior cerebral and middle cerebral

139
Q

where are the anterior cerebral arteries located?

A

toward front of the head

140
Q

where do the anterior cerebral arteries run?

A

in the longitudinal fissure

141
Q

what does the anterior cerebral artery supply?

A

mohawk and all of the structures on either side (medial surface of the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes as well as limbic system)

142
Q

what do the middle cerebral arteries supply?

A

lateral aspect of the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes

as well as deep structures such as corpus callosum (basil ganglia and thalamus)

143
Q

what structures are part of the circle of willis?

A

anterior communicating

posterior communicating

144
Q

what does the anterior communicating artery do?

A

connects anterior cerebral arteries

“connects left to right”

145
Q

where is the anterior communicating artery located?

A

at midline deep in longitudinal fissure

146
Q

what does the posterior communicating artery do?

A

connects internal carotid to vertebral basilar

“connects front to back”

147
Q

what is the circle of willis

A

network of blood vessels that joint blood supply systems, left to right and front to back.
gives collateral circulation incase of a blood blockage.

148
Q

Choroidal artery function?

A

provide leaky capillaries that poke up into ventricles to provide CSF for internal water balloon system.

also gives blood to thalamus and basil ganglia

149
Q

where does the choroidal artery branch from?

A

middle cerebral artery

posterior cerebral artery

150
Q

what is the function of the striate artery?

A

provide blood to basil ganglia

151
Q

What makes up the venous blood supply system?

A

Dural Sinuses
(superior sagittal, inferior sagittal, and transverse)

jugular veins

152
Q

where are the superior sagittal veins located?

A

extends from back of head to front of head on top of longitudinal fissure

153
Q

Function of superior sagittal veins

A

major collector for CSF

154
Q

where are the inferior sagittal veins located?

A

extends from back to front, buried deep on top of corpus callosum (on the floor of longitudinal fissure)

155
Q

where are the transverse veins located?

A

starts at center back of head and goes behind ear

156
Q

function of transverse veins

A

brings blood to jugular veins

major drain tubes out of head

157
Q

What are the functions of the jugular veins

A

dump fluid into jugular veins and brings blood back to the heart to be recirculated and re-oxygenated

Neuroscience (5 decks)

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