Neuroscience Chapter 1 Flashcards
Gray matter consists of:
cell bodies of neurons as well as neuroglia.
White matter consists of:
the axons of neurons as well as neuroglial cells.
The brainstem consists of (3):
a medulla, pons, and midbrain.
The diencephalon consists of (4):
a thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus.
The cerebrum consists of (2):
includes the cerebral cortex and subcortical nuclei (basal ganglia).
The PNS is composed of:
31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves (10 attach to the brainstem).
The somatic nervous system:
innervates structures of the body wall such as voluntary muscle.
The autonomic nervous system:
innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands through its sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
The four ventricles are:
the left and right lateral ventricles, the third ventricle, and the fourth ventricle.
The __________ connects the two lateral ventricles with the third ventricle
interventricular foramina
The __________ connects the third and fourth ventricles
cerebral aqueduct
__________ refers to certain collections of cell bodies or nuclei, specifically those located in the peripheral nervous system
ganglion
__________ therm that is applied to nerv cell bodies in the spinal cord that extend over multiple levels of the spinal cord
cell column
A __________ represents a collection of many axons, gathered together in a discrete portion of the white matter ,that have the same origin, termination, and function.
tract
_________ when the origin and termination of the crossing axons are in equivalent areas on the opposite sides of the midline plane
commissure
_________ when the axons that cross the midline plane have an origin on one side of the CNS that is different from its termination on the opposite side
decussation
__________ focuses on the processes that lead to the normal shape of the adult nervous system
morphogenesis
__________ concerns the processes by which nervous tissue cells proliferate and develop their form, chemical composition, arrangement (migration), and connections
histogenesis
The neurotrophins are a family of small proteins that include:
nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophic factor-3, and neurotrophic factor -4/5
The first stage of embryonic development involving the formation of the three germ layers and notochord
gastrulation
__________ the origin of nervous tissue and its associated structures
the ectoderm
__________ migrate cranially from their origin to form a median cellular cord (notochord)
mesenchymal cells
Neurulation results in the formation of:
the neural tube
The anterior neuropore closes on about the 25th day and the zone of closure becomes:
the lamina terminalis
The process of __________ begins with the formation of three primary brain vesicles (procencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon)
vesiculation
The ventricular system is derived from:
the lumen of the neural tube
