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Neuroscience (DPTR 5011) > Neuro Final > Flashcards

Neuro Final Flashcards

1
Q

Ten Intervention Principles

A
  1. Use it or lose it
  2. Use it and improve it
  3. Specficity of training matters
  4. Repetition matters
  5. Intensity matters
  6. Timing matters
  7. Salience matters
  8. Age matters
  9. Transference
  10. Interference
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2
Q

Meningitis

A

Inflammation of the pia-arachnoid

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3
Q

Meningioma

A

Primary extrinsic tumor of the CNS affecting the venous sinuses

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4
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by…

A

the choroid plexus

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5
Q

Papilledema

A

Optic nerve ensheathed in a continuation of the meninges and subarachnoid space and becomes compressed with increased intracranial pressure

  • Optic disk swells and retinal veins engorged
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6
Q

Overt hyrdocephalus

A

The head enlarges

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7
Q

Occult hydrocephalus

A

The head size remains normal

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8
Q

Epidural Hematomas

A

result when a fracture results in a torn menigeal artery and blood escapes into the extradural space

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9
Q

Subdural Hematomas

A

due to tearing of the superficial cerebral veins

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10
Q

Prognosis of Traumatic Brain Injury (consider)

A

Depth of impaired responsiveness

Duration of altered consciousness

Duration of post-traumatic amnesia

Loss of pupillary light reflexes

Degree of hypoxia and hypotension

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11
Q

Ischemic Stroke

A

Due to inadequate blood flow resulting in tissue death

Accounts for 80% of all strokes

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12
Q

Hemorrhagic Stroke

A

Occurs when there is bleeding into the nervous system

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13
Q

Symptoms of a Transient Ischemic Attack

A

Numbness, tingling, or weakness in the face, arms, or leg on one side of the body

Difficulty walking

Difficulty talking or understanding what others are saying

Confusion

Difficulty with vision in one or both eyes

Dizziness and loss of coordination

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14
Q

Ischemic Stroke Syndromes: MCA

A

Infarction of the cortical branches may cause sontralateral sensory loss and weakness of the UMN type, cognitive problems, and contralateral homomynous hemianopsia

Infarcts of the distal stem will affect the UE > LE

Dominant hemisphere … aphasia

Non-dominant hemisphere … prosody or unilateral visuospatial deficits

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15
Q

Ischemic Stroke Syndromes: ACA

A

Involvement of the cortical branches of one ACA causes UMN weakness and cortical type sensory deficits affecting mostly the contralateral lower extremity and bowel and bladder dysfunction

A bilateral ACA infarction results in cortical sensory-motor syndrome involving both lower extremities. Additionally, a severe behavioral disturbance with wide oscillations of affect and personality

Occlusion of the stem of one ACA proximally with its connection with the anterior communicating artery may cause no symptoms due to collarteral circulation

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16
Q

Ischemic Stroke Syndromes: PCA

A

Unilateral occlusion of the PCA results in contralateral homomynous hemianopsia

Bilateral PCA infarction results in bilateral homomynous hemianopsia (cortical blindness)

Dominant hemisphere …

  • alexia (inability to perceive written words),
  • anomia (inability to name objects or to recognize written or spoken names of objects),
  • visual agnosia (inability to recognize or interpret objects in the visual field)

When inferomedial temporal lobes infarcted, severe memory problems occur

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17
Q

Lacunar Syndromes

A

Sensory and/or motor deficits occur without cognitive deficits

Face, leg, and arm typically affected equally as pathways are tightly packed in the internal capsule

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18
Q

Disability from Ischemic Stroke (most severe to least severe)

A

Large strokes

Presence of edema or hemorrhage

Stroke in more than one territory

Single territory (MCA, ACA, or PCA)

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19
Q

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

A

Bleeding into subarachnoid space usually due to ruptured aneurysm

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20
Q

Subdural Hemorrhage

A

Bleeding into potential space beneath dura, usually due to trauma

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21
Q

Epidural Hemorrhage

A

Bleeding accumulates outside the dura, usually trauma induced

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22
Q

Arteriovenous Malformations (AVMs)

A

Tangle of dilated blood vessels that form abnormal communication between the arterial and venous circulation

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23
Q

Life Span

A

Average age at which an individual would die if able to avoid all disease and accidents

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24
Q

Life Expectancy

A

Number of years a person may expect to live in the face of disease, injury, and accidents

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25
Q

Dementia

A

A symptom complex of intellectual, behavioral, and personality deterioration in an otherwise healthy adult that is severe enough to (and must) compromise occupational or social performance

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26
Q

Abnormal Aging

A

AD:

  • 60% of the hippocampal formation neurons are lost
  • Additional 30% decline in blood flow with a decrease in glucose consumption
  • Additional 10-19% brain weight decreased
  • Medial temporal lobe structure degeneration resulting in pronounced memory defecits and emotional changes
  • The density of NFTs corelate to the degree of dementia (more than normal aging)
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27
Q

Working Memory

A

Running commentary mediated by prefrontal cortex

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28
Q

Declarative (Explicit) Memory

A

Memory for facts and events

Episodic (autobiographical)

Semantic (nonautobiographical)

Hippocampus

Nearby cortical areas

Diencephalon

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29
Q

Procedural (Implicit) Memory

A

Memory of procedures and skills

Emotional associations

Conditioned reflexes

Striatum

Motor areas of the cortex

Cerebellum

Anygdala

Cerebellum

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30
Q

Psychomotor Epilepsy

A

Characterized by repeated occurrence of sudden, excessive, and synchronous discharges in large groups of neurons

May result in almost instantaneous disruption of consciousness, disturbances in sensation, convulsive movements, and impaired mental function

Seizure

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31
Q

Positive Signs of Seizure

A

Exaggeration of normal function

Convulsions

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32
Q

Negative Signs of Seizure

A

Loss of particular functions

Loss of capacity to form new memories

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33
Q

Limbic System Structures

A

Cingulate and parahippocampal gyri

Hippocampus

Amygdala

Septal nuclei

Hypothalamus

Orbitofrontal association cortex

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34
Q

Limbic Output End

A

Septum

Hypothalamus

*Mediates behavioral expression of emotional states

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35
Q

Limbic Input End

A

Hippocampal formation

Amygdala

Orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex

*Receives highly processed sensory reports from ongoing experience from every sensory modality

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36
Q

What cortices of the prefrontal cortex mediate executive functioning and have a role in altruism?

A

Dorsolateral Cortex

Orbital Cortex

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37
Q

Propositional language depends exclusively on:

A

structures of the cerebral hemispheres

(think Broca’s and Wenikie’s)

38
Q

Deficits in speech may follow injury to:

A

Cerebrum

Brainstem

Cerebellum

PNS structures

39
Q

Prosody

A

…you should be thinking non-dominant hemisphere right now ;-)

40
Q

Where might I look, if so inclined, for the structures that produce prosody?

A

Right inferior frontal gyrus

*Think motor aprosodia

41
Q

Where might I look, if the mood hits just right, for the regions involed in comprehending prosody?

A

Right posterior temporoparietal

*Think sensory aprosodia

42
Q

Neocortical substrates of Language

A
  • Association fortex of the dominant hemisphere
  • Perisylvian language zone includes Broca’s and Wenicke’s areas
  • Superior longitudinal fasciculus
43
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A

Comprehension is intact

Few words and difficulty with language production

*Damage to the posterior part of the inferior frontal gyrus and surrounding cerebrum

44
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

Fluent, error-filled production

Deficit in language comprehension

*Results from damage to the posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus and surrounding cerebrm

45
Q

Aphasic Disconnection Syndrome: Conduction Aphasia

A

Damage to the superior longitudinal fasciculus

46
Q

Aphasic Disconnection Syndrome: Transcortical Motor Aphasia

A

Damage in the watershed area between ACA and MCA

47
Q

Aphasic Disconnection Syndrome: Transcortical Sensory Aphasia

A

Damage in the watershed area between ACA and MCA-PCA

48
Q

Cortical Contributions to Cognition

A

Unimodal Association Cortex

(Specific Modality)

Multimodal Association Cortex

(Cross-Modal Integration)

  • Lateral Association Cortex+ Posterior Association Cortex+ Anterior Association Cortex
  • Basomedal (Limbic) Association Cortex
49
Q

Posterior Association Areas

A

Spatial Cognition

  • Unilateral hemispatial neglect most prominent deficit with damage

Facial Recognition

  • Damage = prosopagnosia
50
Q

Anterior Association Areas

A

Neural substrates for:

  • planning
  • insight
  • empathy
  • altruism
  • abstract reasoning
  • self-awareness
  • governing of emotion
51
Q

Basomedial (Limbic) Association Cortex

A

Roles in:

  • focused problem solving
  • error recognition
  • anticipation
  • emotional processing
  • performance evaluation & optimization

Includes the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)

52
Q

Cognitive Functions of the Basal Ganglia

A

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Circuit

  • COGNITION
  • DLPFC … Caudate Nucleus … Gpi/SNpr … DM of the Thalamus

Limbic Circuit

  • MOTIVATION
  • Cingulate gyrus … Striatum … DM of the Thalamus … Limbic Structures

Lateral Orbitofrontal Circuit

  • COMBINATION
53
Q

Cognitive Functions of the Cerebellum

A

Closed-loop circuits connecting association cortex of the cerebrum with the cerebellar cortex

Neodentate only present in humans

54
Q

Frontal: Primary Motor Cortex (M1)

A

Central gyrus with distorted homunculus

Corticomotoneuronal projections to LMNs in the spinal cord

BA 4

55
Q

Frontal: Premotor Cortex

A

Includes:

  • The lateral premotor area
  • The supplementary motor area

BA 6

56
Q

Parietal: Posterior Parietal Cortex (PPC)

A

Involved in the regulation of goal-directed movement, particularly of the upper extremity

Provides sensory guidance, knowledge about body orientation and about the physical properties of the object during reach and grasp

BAs 5 and 7

57
Q

Limbic: Cingulate Motor Areas (CMAs)

A

Mediate emotion and drive-realted behavior

Note: cingulospinal projections, which terminate in the intermediate gray, influence LMNs via interneurons

58
Q

Five Connections of the Cortical Motor Areas

A

M1 receives projections from:

  • Primary Somatosensory Cortex
  • Posterior Parietal Cortex (PPC)
  • Cingulate Motor Areas (CMAs)
  • Supplementary Motor Area
  • Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC)
59
Q

Two Subcortical Projections

A

M1 and the Premotor Cortices are reciprocally connected with:

  • The Cerebellum
  • The Basal Ganglia
60
Q

Perceptual Action System (PAS)

A

Purposeful movement does not occur in isolation from the sensory perceptual exerpience of the environment

61
Q

Haptic Sensing

A

Exploration of an object by the hand

The integration of cutaneous and proprioceptive info inot motor commands

62
Q

Important note:

A

Power grip is mediated by non-CM projections (outside of M1)

63
Q

What coordinates movements of the eyes and head via the tectospinal tract?

A

The superior colliculus

64
Q

Where do motor programs for saccades reside?

A

In the reticular formation

65
Q

Gait is a function resulting from the integrated control of:

A

Cortical Areas

Cerebellum

Basal Ganglia

Spinal Cord

66
Q

Ideational Apraxia

A

Inability to organize single actions into a sequence for intended purpose

67
Q

Ideomotor Apraxia

A

Inability to translate the idea of the action into an appropriate motor program

68
Q

Kinetic Apraxia

A

Loss of hand and finger dexterity not due to paresis, ataxia, or sensory loss

69
Q

Oral Apraxia

A

Inability to execute facial movements on command

70
Q

Where are the neural networks subserving praxis?

A

In the left (dominant) hemisphere near those serving language … aphasia

71
Q

Motivation, the decision to act, and learning

A

M1

M2

M3

M4

72
Q

Planning

A

M1

M2

Basal Ganglia

Cerebellum

Thalamus

73
Q

Execution

A

M1

Efferent copy to cerebellum

74
Q

Automatization

A

Cortical and subcortical areas of:

The Basal Ganglia

Cerebellum

75
Q

Three layers of the Cerebellum

A

Molecular

Purkinje

Granular

76
Q

Mossy Fibers originate from:

A

vestibular nuclei

spinal cord

cerebral cortex

77
Q

Climbing fibers originate from:

A

contralateral inferior olivary nucleus

78
Q

The net effect of Purkinje neurons is:

A

Inhibitory

79
Q
A
80
Q

Archicerebellum

(Inputs and Outputs)

A

Inputs:

  • Flocculonodular lobe and deep parts of the vermis
  • Vestibular afferents project to here influencing the distribution of tone in limbs, trunk, neck, and extraocular eye muscles
  • Retina projects indirectly to here through climbing fibers of the inferior olivary nucleus

Outputs:

  • To the brainstem influencing extraocular motor neurons via the MLF and to influence body and limb tone
  • To the reticular formation to influence descending fibers of the reticulospinal tracts
81
Q

Paleocerebellum

A

Intermediate zone and most of the vermis

Role as comparator between intended movement and patterns of peripheral receptor discharge

82
Q

Neocerebellum

A

Lateral hemispheres … ponto/cerebro … motor planning and learning

Role in the governance of voluntary movement and motor learning

Does not receive projections from peripheral receptors as afferent projections to this area originate in the motor and association cortices of the cerebrum via corticopontocerebellar projections

Projects to the dentate nuclei by way of the superior cerebellar peduncle (contralateral red nucleus and contralateral ventrolateral nucleus)

*Think deficits in timing of agonist and antagonist muscle contractions

83
Q

Five Tracts of the Paleocerebellum

A

Dorsal Spinocerebellar Tract

Cuneocerebellar Tract

Ventral Spinocerebellar Tract

Rostral Spinocerebellar Tract

Trigeminocerebellar Projections

84
Q

With Cerebellar Damage

A

Unilateral lesions produce ipsilateral deficits

85
Q

Medulloblastoma

A

Symptoms of listlessness, vomiting, headaches, and falling

Most common lesion of the archicerebellum

86
Q

Disinhibition

A

VA/VL are tonically inhibited by output nuclei of the basal ganglia

In order for the thalamus to excite the cortex, it must phasically disinhibit the motor nuclei of the thalamus

87
Q

Which pathway facilitates initiation of movement by disinhibiting the VA/VL?

A

Direct Pathway

88
Q

Which pathway increases inhibition thus failing to facilitate movement?

A

Indirect pathway

89
Q

Four Cardinal Signs of PD:

A

Tremor

Bradykinesia

Rigidity

Postural Instability

90
Q

Brain Disease in HD

A

Gross atrophy of the stiatum (caudate and putamen)

Overall loss of GABAergic neurons and reduction of inhibition in the basal ganglia circuitry

Loss of Excitation of the subthalamic nucleus of the indirect pathway to the basal ganglia output nuclei

91
Q

Hemiballismus

A

Caused by a discrete lesion of the subthalamic nucleus contralateral to the symptoms

*Think about underactivity of the indirect pathway

*Also think about a vascular disorder of the penetrating branch of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA)

Neuroscience (DPTR 5011) (3 decks)

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