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Neuroscience (DPTR 5011) > Neuro Final > Flashcards

Neuro Final Flashcards

1
Q

Ten Intervention Principles

A
  1. Use it or lose it
  2. Use it and improve it
  3. Specficity of training matters
  4. Repetition matters
  5. Intensity matters
  6. Timing matters
  7. Salience matters
  8. Age matters
  9. Transference
  10. Interference
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2
Q

Meningitis

A

Inflammation of the pia-arachnoid

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3
Q

Meningioma

A

Primary extrinsic tumor of the CNS affecting the venous sinuses

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4
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by…

A

the choroid plexus

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5
Q

Papilledema

A

Optic nerve ensheathed in a continuation of the meninges and subarachnoid space and becomes compressed with increased intracranial pressure

  • Optic disk swells and retinal veins engorged
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6
Q

Overt hyrdocephalus

A

The head enlarges

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7
Q

Occult hydrocephalus

A

The head size remains normal

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8
Q

Epidural Hematomas

A

result when a fracture results in a torn menigeal artery and blood escapes into the extradural space

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9
Q

Subdural Hematomas

A

due to tearing of the superficial cerebral veins

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10
Q

Prognosis of Traumatic Brain Injury (consider)

A

Depth of impaired responsiveness

Duration of altered consciousness

Duration of post-traumatic amnesia

Loss of pupillary light reflexes

Degree of hypoxia and hypotension

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11
Q

Ischemic Stroke

A

Due to inadequate blood flow resulting in tissue death

Accounts for 80% of all strokes

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12
Q

Hemorrhagic Stroke

A

Occurs when there is bleeding into the nervous system

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13
Q

Symptoms of a Transient Ischemic Attack

A

Numbness, tingling, or weakness in the face, arms, or leg on one side of the body

Difficulty walking

Difficulty talking or understanding what others are saying

Confusion

Difficulty with vision in one or both eyes

Dizziness and loss of coordination

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14
Q

Ischemic Stroke Syndromes: MCA

A

Infarction of the cortical branches may cause sontralateral sensory loss and weakness of the UMN type, cognitive problems, and contralateral homomynous hemianopsia

Infarcts of the distal stem will affect the UE > LE

Dominant hemisphere … aphasia

Non-dominant hemisphere … prosody or unilateral visuospatial deficits

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15
Q

Ischemic Stroke Syndromes: ACA

A

Involvement of the cortical branches of one ACA causes UMN weakness and cortical type sensory deficits affecting mostly the contralateral lower extremity and bowel and bladder dysfunction

A bilateral ACA infarction results in cortical sensory-motor syndrome involving both lower extremities. Additionally, a severe behavioral disturbance with wide oscillations of affect and personality

Occlusion of the stem of one ACA proximally with its connection with the anterior communicating artery may cause no symptoms due to collarteral circulation

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16
Q

Ischemic Stroke Syndromes: PCA

A

Unilateral occlusion of the PCA results in contralateral homomynous hemianopsia

Bilateral PCA infarction results in bilateral homomynous hemianopsia (cortical blindness)

Dominant hemisphere …

  • alexia (inability to perceive written words),
  • anomia (inability to name objects or to recognize written or spoken names of objects),
  • visual agnosia (inability to recognize or interpret objects in the visual field)

When inferomedial temporal lobes infarcted, severe memory problems occur

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17
Q

Lacunar Syndromes

A

Sensory and/or motor deficits occur without cognitive deficits

Face, leg, and arm typically affected equally as pathways are tightly packed in the internal capsule

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18
Q

Disability from Ischemic Stroke (most severe to least severe)

A

Large strokes

Presence of edema or hemorrhage

Stroke in more than one territory

Single territory (MCA, ACA, or PCA)

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19
Q

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

A

Bleeding into subarachnoid space usually due to ruptured aneurysm

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20
Q

Subdural Hemorrhage

A

Bleeding into potential space beneath dura, usually due to trauma

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21
Q

Epidural Hemorrhage

A

Bleeding accumulates outside the dura, usually trauma induced

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22
Q

Arteriovenous Malformations (AVMs)

A

Tangle of dilated blood vessels that form abnormal communication between the arterial and venous circulation

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23
Q

Life Span

A

Average age at which an individual would die if able to avoid all disease and accidents

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24
Q

Life Expectancy

A

Number of years a person may expect to live in the face of disease, injury, and accidents

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25
Dementia
A symptom complex of intellectual, behavioral, and personality deterioration in an otherwise healthy adult that is severe enough to (and must) compromise occupational or social performance
26
Abnormal Aging
AD: - 60% of the hippocampal formation neurons are lost - Additional 30% decline in blood flow with a decrease in glucose consumption - Additional 10-19% brain weight decreased - Medial temporal lobe structure degeneration resulting in pronounced memory defecits and emotional changes - The density of NFTs corelate to the degree of dementia (more than normal aging)
27
Working Memory
Running commentary mediated by prefrontal cortex
28
Declarative (Explicit) Memory
Memory for facts and events Episodic (autobiographical) Semantic (nonautobiographical) Hippocampus Nearby cortical areas Diencephalon
29
Procedural (Implicit) Memory
Memory of procedures and skills Emotional associations Conditioned reflexes Striatum Motor areas of the cortex Cerebellum Anygdala Cerebellum
30
Psychomotor Epilepsy
Characterized by repeated occurrence of sudden, excessive, and synchronous discharges in large groups of neurons May result in almost instantaneous disruption of consciousness, disturbances in sensation, convulsive movements, and impaired mental function Seizure
31
Positive Signs of Seizure
Exaggeration of normal function Convulsions
32
Negative Signs of Seizure
Loss of particular functions Loss of capacity to form new memories
33
Limbic System Structures
Cingulate and parahippocampal gyri Hippocampus Amygdala Septal nuclei Hypothalamus Orbitofrontal association cortex
34
Limbic Output End
Septum Hypothalamus \*Mediates behavioral expression of emotional states
35
Limbic Input End
Hippocampal formation Amygdala Orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex \*Receives highly processed sensory reports from ongoing experience from every sensory modality
36
What cortices of the prefrontal cortex mediate executive functioning and have a role in altruism?
Dorsolateral Cortex Orbital Cortex
37
Propositional language depends exclusively on:
structures of the cerebral hemispheres (think Broca's and Wenikie's)
38
Deficits in speech may follow injury to:
Cerebrum Brainstem Cerebellum PNS structures
39
Prosody
...you should be thinking non-dominant hemisphere right now ;-)
40
Where might I look, if so inclined, for the structures that produce prosody?
Right inferior frontal gyrus \*Think motor aprosodia
41
Where might I look, if the mood hits just right, for the regions involed in comprehending prosody?
Right posterior temporoparietal \*Think sensory aprosodia
42
Neocortical substrates of Language
- Association fortex of the dominant hemisphere - Perisylvian language zone includes Broca's and Wenicke's areas - Superior longitudinal fasciculus
43
Broca's Aphasia
Comprehension is intact Few words and difficulty with language production \*Damage to the posterior part of the inferior frontal gyrus and surrounding cerebrum
44
Wernicke's Aphasia
Fluent, error-filled production Deficit in language comprehension \*Results from damage to the posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus and surrounding cerebrm
45
Aphasic Disconnection Syndrome: Conduction Aphasia
Damage to the superior longitudinal fasciculus
46
Aphasic Disconnection Syndrome: Transcortical Motor Aphasia
Damage in the watershed area between ACA and MCA
47
Aphasic Disconnection Syndrome: Transcortical Sensory Aphasia
Damage in the watershed area between ACA and MCA-PCA
48
Cortical Contributions to Cognition
Unimodal Association Cortex (Specific Modality) Multimodal Association Cortex (Cross-Modal Integration) - Lateral Association Cortex + Posterior Association Cortex + Anterior Association Cortex - Basomedal (Limbic) Association Cortex
49
Posterior Association Areas
Spatial Cognition - Unilateral hemispatial neglect most prominent deficit with damage Facial Recognition - Damage = prosopagnosia
50
Anterior Association Areas
Neural substrates for: - planning - insight - empathy - altruism - abstract reasoning - self-awareness - governing of emotion
51
Basomedial (Limbic) Association Cortex
Roles in: - focused problem solving - error recognition - anticipation - emotional processing - performance evaluation & optimization Includes the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)
52
Cognitive Functions of the Basal Ganglia
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Circuit - COGNITION - DLPFC ... Caudate Nucleus ... Gpi/SNpr ... DM of the Thalamus Limbic Circuit - MOTIVATION - Cingulate gyrus ... Striatum ... DM of the Thalamus ... Limbic Structures Lateral Orbitofrontal Circuit - COMBINATION
53
Cognitive Functions of the Cerebellum
Closed-loop circuits connecting association cortex of the cerebrum with the cerebellar cortex Neodentate only present in humans
54
Frontal: Primary Motor Cortex (M1)
Central gyrus with distorted homunculus Corticomotoneuronal projections to LMNs in the spinal cord BA 4
55
Frontal: Premotor Cortex
Includes: - The lateral premotor area - The supplementary motor area BA 6
56
Parietal: Posterior Parietal Cortex (PPC)
Involved in the regulation of goal-directed movement, particularly of the upper extremity Provides sensory guidance, knowledge about body orientation and about the physical properties of the object during reach and grasp BAs 5 and 7
57
Limbic: Cingulate Motor Areas (CMAs)
Mediate emotion and drive-realted behavior Note: cingulospinal projections, which terminate in the intermediate gray, influence LMNs via interneurons
58
Five Connections of the Cortical Motor Areas
M1 receives projections from: - Primary Somatosensory Cortex - Posterior Parietal Cortex (PPC) - Cingulate Motor Areas (CMAs) - Supplementary Motor Area - Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC)
59
Two Subcortical Projections
M1 and the Premotor Cortices are reciprocally connected with: - The Cerebellum - The Basal Ganglia
60
Perceptual Action System (PAS)
Purposeful movement does not occur in isolation from the sensory perceptual exerpience of the environment
61
Haptic Sensing
Exploration of an object by the hand The integration of cutaneous and proprioceptive info inot motor commands
62
Important note:
Power grip is mediated by non-CM projections (outside of M1)
63
What coordinates movements of the eyes and head via the tectospinal tract?
The superior colliculus
64
Where do motor programs for saccades reside?
In the reticular formation
65
Gait is a function resulting from the integrated control of:
Cortical Areas Cerebellum Basal Ganglia Spinal Cord
66
Ideational Apraxia
Inability to organize single actions into a sequence for intended purpose
67
Ideomotor Apraxia
Inability to translate the idea of the action into an appropriate motor program
68
Kinetic Apraxia
Loss of hand and finger dexterity not due to paresis, ataxia, or sensory loss
69
Oral Apraxia
Inability to execute facial movements on command
70
Where are the neural networks subserving praxis?
In the left (dominant) hemisphere near those serving language ... aphasia
71
Motivation, the decision to act, and learning
M1 M2 M3 M4
72
Planning
M1 M2 Basal Ganglia Cerebellum Thalamus
73
Execution
M1 Efferent copy to cerebellum
74
Automatization
Cortical and subcortical areas of: The Basal Ganglia Cerebellum
75
Three layers of the Cerebellum
Molecular Purkinje Granular
76
Mossy Fibers originate from:
vestibular nuclei spinal cord cerebral cortex
77
Climbing fibers originate from:
contralateral inferior olivary nucleus
78
The net effect of Purkinje neurons is:
Inhibitory
79
80
Archicerebellum | (Inputs and Outputs)
Inputs: - Flocculonodular lobe and deep parts of the vermis - Vestibular afferents project to here influencing the distribution of tone in limbs, trunk, neck, and extraocular eye muscles - Retina projects indirectly to here through climbing fibers of the inferior olivary nucleus Outputs: - To the brainstem influencing extraocular motor neurons via the MLF and to influence body and limb tone - To the reticular formation to influence descending fibers of the reticulospinal tracts
81
Paleocerebellum
Intermediate zone and most of the vermis Role as comparator between intended movement and patterns of peripheral receptor discharge
82
Neocerebellum
Lateral hemispheres ... ponto/cerebro ... motor planning and learning Role in the governance of voluntary movement and motor learning Does not receive projections from peripheral receptors as afferent projections to this area originate in the motor and association cortices of the cerebrum via corticopontocerebellar projections Projects to the dentate nuclei by way of the superior cerebellar peduncle (contralateral red nucleus and contralateral ventrolateral nucleus) \*Think deficits in timing of agonist and antagonist muscle contractions
83
Five Tracts of the Paleocerebellum
Dorsal Spinocerebellar Tract Cuneocerebellar Tract Ventral Spinocerebellar Tract Rostral Spinocerebellar Tract Trigeminocerebellar Projections
84
With Cerebellar Damage
Unilateral lesions produce ipsilateral deficits
85
Medulloblastoma
Symptoms of listlessness, vomiting, headaches, and falling Most common lesion of the archicerebellum
86
Disinhibition
VA/VL are tonically inhibited by output nuclei of the basal ganglia In order for the thalamus to excite the cortex, it must phasically disinhibit the motor nuclei of the thalamus
87
Which pathway facilitates initiation of movement by disinhibiting the VA/VL?
Direct Pathway
88
Which pathway increases inhibition thus failing to facilitate movement?
Indirect pathway
89
Four Cardinal Signs of PD:
Tremor Bradykinesia Rigidity Postural Instability
90
Brain Disease in HD
Gross atrophy of the stiatum (caudate and putamen) Overall loss of GABAergic neurons and reduction of inhibition in the basal ganglia circuitry Loss of Excitation of the subthalamic nucleus of the indirect pathway to the basal ganglia output nuclei
91
Hemiballismus
Caused by a discrete lesion of the subthalamic nucleus contralateral to the symptoms \*Think about underactivity of the indirect pathway \*Also think about a vascular disorder of the penetrating branch of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA)

Neuroscience (DPTR 5011) (3 decks)

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