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PS2017 > Neuroscience and Emotion > Flashcards

Neuroscience and Emotion Flashcards

1
Q

What is MacLean’s Triune Brain Theory?

A
  • MacLean stated that the human brain consists of 3 biological computers (3 brains), each corresponding to a different stage in evolution
  • Neo-mammalian complex: only found in higher mammals like primates –> is the thinking/ cognitive brain
  • Paleo mammalian complex: found in all mammals refers to macleans limbic system
  • Reptillian complex: found in all vertebrates and is responsible for primitive drives (sex, feeding, aggression)
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2
Q

what is the WADA procedure and what does it prove?

A

A drug is injected into a cartid artery.

  • proves that LH damage: brings up catastrophic behaviour and
  • RH damage brings up euphoric behaviour
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3
Q

What is the Valence hypothesis?

A
  • RH: negative emotions and withdrawal behaviour

- LH: positive emotions and approach behaviour

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4
Q

What does the RH Hypothesis state?

A

states that the RH is dominant for emotional functions

  • critiques: often only negative emotions
  • more voluntary than spontaneous emotions tested.
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5
Q

What does the right hemisphere do?

A
  • controls of left side of body
  • input from left visual field
  • input from left ear
  • spatial abilities
  • recognises patterns
  • recognition of faces
  • recognition of sounds
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6
Q

What does the Left hemisphere do?

A
  • controls right side of body
  • input from right visual field
  • input from right ear
  • language abilities
  • analysis of details
  • recognition of words
  • recognition of speech
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7
Q

High BIS and Low BIS

A

High BIS: anxiety disorders

low BIS: psychopathic disorders

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8
Q

High BAS and Low BAS

A

High BAS: impulsivity disorders, mania, addictions

Low BAS: depressive disorders

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9
Q

What is the behavioural activation system?

A

BAS relates to positive outcomes and reward behaviour. triggers approach behaviour when potential rewards are present

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10
Q

What is the behavioural inhibition system?

A

BIS relates to the negative associations, innate fear stimuli, interrupts behaviour and prepares for potential threat –> fight or flight response

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11
Q

What does the theory of Jeffrey Gray’s state

A

States that there area 2 dimensions of personality

  • Split up into BIS and BAS
  • differentiates between positive and negative affect
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12
Q

According to Eysenck what are extroverts like?

A

stimulant drugs like caffein improve performance and may perform better with background noises

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13
Q

According to Eysenck what are introverts like?

A

stimulant drugs like caffein impair performance are more distracted by background noise and produce more saliva when lemon juice is placed on tongue

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14
Q

Elaborate on Hans Eysenck’s Neuroticism

A

N: measures emotionality, moodiness, anxiety and depression

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15
Q

Elaborate on Hans Eysenck’s Extraversion

A

E: measured by questionnaires, items relating to sociability and liveliness

  • High E: Extrovert
  • Low E: Introvert
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16
Q

What is the difference between states and traits?

A
  • Emotion and mood are affective states that have a limited duration
  • personality and temperament are traits that are predispositions to what we think, feel, behave and act like
  • traits are temporally stable
  • Gordon Allport was one of the first to publish texts on personality traits
17
Q

Name some facts about Psychopathy

A

Psychopaths show a lack of empathy towards others and do not consider their own future

  • perform poorly on Iowa gambling task
  • perform poorly in Moral dilemma problems
  • less amygdala activity when viewing negative emotional stimulus
  • can also be acquired through frontal lobe damage
18
Q

What are the effects of PFC damage?

A
  • social and emotional deficits
  • effects on personality, behaviour,
  • problems with decision making, planning and organising
  • E.g. Phineas Gage (1848) and Patient EVR (aka. Elliot)
  • flattened affect occurs
  • poor performance on Iowa Gambling Task
19
Q

What is Backward masking?

A

The brief presenting of a threatening or non threatening image followed immediately by a masked stimulus
- no conscious awareness of image but can still trigger SCR (Skin Conductance response)

20
Q

What are the 2 pathways to the Amygdala?

A
  1. “low road”: Thalamus–> to the amygdala:
    - fast response, “quick and dirty”,
    - but limited processing
  2. “high road”: sensory cortex to amygdala:
    - longer and slower to trigger response,
    - more detailed processing
21
Q

What does the Cannon-Bard theory say?

A

The Cannon-Bard theory states that emotional stimuli are processed by the thalamus which then sends signals along 2 pathways
Thalamus –> Cortex : experience of emotion
Thalamus –> hypothalamus : ANS activity and emotional reactions

22
Q

What does the James Lange theory say?

A

The James Lange theory states that the perception of physiological changes results in the experience of emotion
NOT: Stimulus –> feeling fear –> ANS activity
BUT: Stimulus –> ANS activity –> feeling fear

23
Q

What is the direct pathway and how does it relate to Parkinson’s disease?

A
  • The Substantia Nigra affects the Putamen which then leads to transient inhibtion of the golubs pallidus (internal) - which then leads to tonic inhibtion of the thalamus - which then leads to lesser excitation at the cerebal cortex –> less movement
  • Parkinsons is a hypokinetic disease –> less movement
  • Parkinsons is the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra
24
Q

What does the Basal Ganglia consist of?

A

SPS
Striatum: Caudate and Putamen
Pallidum: Globus pallidus and Substantia Nigra
Subthamalic Nucleus

25
Q

What dopaminergic pathways are there? from where to where do they go? and what are they involved in or associated with?

A

NTMM

  • Nigrostriatal pathway - from substantia Nigra to the basal ganglia: involved in production of movement - involved in huntingtons and parkinsons disease
  • Tuberoinfundibular pathway - from Hypothalamus to the pituitary gland: involved in secretion of hormones such as prolactin
  • Mesocortical pathway - from the ventral tegmentum to the cerebal cortex: associated with the negative aspects of schizophrenia
  • Mesolimbic pathway - from the ventral tegmentum to the lymbic system: associated with the positive sypotms of schizophrenia
26
Q

What type of biogenic amines are there and what are their functions?

A
  • Epinephrine - (adrenaline) affects the autonomous nervous system (ANS) (e.g. heart rate, dilation of pupils, is used when having an allergic reaction, in fight or flight response
  • Norepinephrine - helps maintain / increase blood pressure, used in cardiac arrest etc.
  • Dopamine - is used to treat nausea, vomitting. low levels: addiction and abuse of drugs. high levels: hyperactivity, risk taking

PS2017 (3 decks)

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