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LCRS > Neuroscience 9 - Physiology & Pharmacology of ANS > Flashcards

Neuroscience 9 - Physiology & Pharmacology of ANS Flashcards

1
Q

List the functions of the parasympathetic system.

A
  • Contracts pupils
  • Stimulates flow of saliva
  • Constricts bronci
  • Slows heartbeat
  • Stimulates peristalsis and secretion
  • Stimulates bile release
  • Contracts bladder
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2
Q

List the functions of the sympathetic system.

A
  • Dilates pupils
  • Inhibits salivation
  • Relaxes the bronchi
  • Accelerates heartbeat
  • Inhibits peristalsis and secretion
  • Stimulates glucose production and release
  • Secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline
  • Inhibits bladder contraction
  • Stimulates orgasm
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3
Q

Where do the nerves of the SNS come from?

A
  • Thoracic 1 to lumbar 3

- Form a sympathetic chain

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4
Q

Where do nerves of the PNS come from?

A
  • Cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X

- Sacral splanchnic nerves S2-4

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5
Q

What is the function of the 3rd cranial nerve?

A

Oculomotor (pupil constriction)

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6
Q

What is the function of the 7th cranial nerve?

A

Facial (salivation)

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7
Q

What is the function of the 9th cranial nerve?

A

Glossopharyngeal (salivation)

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8
Q

What is the function of the 10th cranial nerve?

A

Vagus (bradycardia, gastric motility, digestion)

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9
Q

Where do the parasympathetic nerves synapse?

A

At the effector organ

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10
Q

Where do the sympathetic nerves synapse?

A
  • Synapse at ganglia outside of the organ, in the sympathetic chain
  • Except for at the adrenal gland, where they have no synapse.
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11
Q

What is the pathway of neurones in the SNS?

A
  • Presympathetic neuron in the CNS, to the intermediolateral cell column
  • From the intermediolateral column, the nerve enters the ventral horn.
  • Preganglionic neurone from spinal cord to sympathetic chain They enter the sympathetic chain via the white ramus communicans, where they meet the ganglion.
  • Postganglionic neurone to effector, exiting via the grey ramus communicans.
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12
Q

What are the neurotransmitters used by parasympathetic neurones?

A

Both pre and post ganglionic use acetylcholine

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13
Q

What neyrotransmitters are used at the presympathetic neurones?

A

Glutamate

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14
Q

What neurotransmitters are used by preganglionic sympathetic neurons?

A

Acetylcholine

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15
Q

What neurotransmitters are used by post ganglionic sympathetic neurones?

A
  • Noradrenaline is used at the heart, kidney and vessels
  • Acetylcholine is used at the sweat glands
  • Dopamine is used at the renal vessels
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16
Q

What neurotransmitters are used in the SNS at the adrenal gland?

A
  • Acetylcholine is used at the adrenal gland

- This results in release of adrenaline or noradrenaline which affects the target organ?

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17
Q

What is noradrenaline?

A

A neurotransmitter and a hormone

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18
Q

What neurotransmitters are used in the somatic nervous system?

A
  • Glutamate is used at the CNS

- Acetylcholine is used at the effector organ (eg. skeletal muscle)

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19
Q

List the stages of biosynthesis of noradrenaline.

A
  • L-phenylalanine > L-tyrosine > L-DOPA > dopamine (cytoplasm)
  • Dopamine > noradrenaline (vesicles)
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20
Q

List the stages of acetylcholine biosynthesis.

A

Acetate + choline > acetylcholine

  • Forwards reaction via choline acetyltransferase
  • Reverse reaction via acetylcholinesterase
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21
Q

Which receptors are involved in blood pressure regulation?

A
  • Baroreceptors are present in the heart to detect stretch (mechanoreceptors).
  • Aortic baroreceptors communicate via the vagus nerve
  • Corotid baroreceptors (2) communicate via the 9th cranial nerve (glossopharyngeal).
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22
Q

What is the response to increased blood pressure in the heart?

A
  • Baroreceptors increase firing
  • Vagus nerve firing increases, this reduces the stroke volume, and therefore cardiac output
  • Inhibition of the SNS increases the diameter of blood vessels to reduce total peripheral resistance
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23
Q

What is the baroreflex?

A
  • The blood pressure that is viewed as “normal” (the set point) is shifted higher in hypertensive patients
  • This means baroreceptors will maintain this higher blood pressure
24
Q

How is GI function regulated?

A
  • Performed by vagus nerve

- Sight of food, smell of food and the taste of food are enough to result in preparation of the GI tract for food.

25
Q

What is the cephalic response?

A
  • The response to food before you have even eaten it
  • The pancreas releases a small amount of insulin
  • Preparing of the stomach for food
26
Q

Which receptors are present in the stomach?

A
  • Mechanoreceptors detect distention of the stomach wall and tell the brain you’re eating via the vagus nerve, which increases the feeling of fullness.
  • Chemoreceptors detect gut hormones
27
Q

Which gut hormones are involved in satiety?

A
  • GLP 1
  • Peptide YY
  • Cholecystokinin (CCK)
28
Q

How does obesity affect feeling of fullness?

A

More food is required to make people who are obese feel full than is required to make lean people feel full.

29
Q

Which area of the brain regulates respiration?

A
  • The central respiratory centre in the brain stem.
  • Pontine respiratory centre coordinates pattern of breathing
  • Ventral group coordinates rhythmicity
  • Dorsal group coordinates inspiration and control of the diaphragm
  • Ventral + dorsal group makes medullary respiratory centre
30
Q

What type of receptors are present in the lung?

A
  • Mechanoreceptors in the lung (vagus nerve)
  • Baroreceptors in the aorta or carotid baroreceptors in the heart (respond to decrease in oxygen, pH and an increase in CO2)
  • Central chemoreceptors in the brainstem detect a drop in pH or a rise in CO2
31
Q

Which spinal nerves are involved in regulation of respiration?

A
  • C1 to C3 control the accessory muscles
  • C3 to C5 control the viaphragm via the phrenic nerve
  • T1 to T11 control the intercostal muscles
  • T6 to L1 control the abdominal muscles
32
Q

Describe the general structure of the bladder.

A
  • External wall is the detrusor muscle

- There is an internal sphincter and an external sphincter

33
Q

How is the bladder innervated?

A
  • Detrusor muscle by S2-S4
  • T10-T12 innervates the internal sphincter
  • S2-S4 innervates the external sphincter (voluntary)
  • Afferent innervation from S2-S4
34
Q

What are the roles of the PNS and SNS in micturition?

A
  • Activation of the PNS when the bladder is full causes the detrusor muscle to contract, and inhibits the SNS so the internal sphincter relaxes
  • SNS causes internal sphincter to contract
  • PNS contracts detrusor muscle
35
Q

How does central regulation of autonomic function occur?

A
  • NTS (nucleus tractus solitarius) is innervated by the vagus nerve (10) and glossopharyngeal nerve (9)
  • Sends a signal to the hypothalamus, which coordinates the information and sends it back down to the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMNX)
  • Some information goes directly to the intermediolateral cell column of the spinal cord.
  • Information from higher brain areas can also control aspects like breathing voluntarily
36
Q

What are the types of sympathetic receptors?

A
  • All adrenoreceptors
  • a1 (A, B, D)
  • a2 (A, B, C)
  • beta 1, beta 2
37
Q

What are the types of parasympathetic receptors?

A
  • Cholinoceptors

- Can be nicotinic or muscarinic

38
Q

What are the types of channels present in the ANS?

A

G protein coupled receptors, and ion channels

39
Q

Where are the nicotinic receptors present?

A

Nicotinic receptors are found:

  • At neuromuscular junctions
  • All autonomic ganglia
40
Q

Where are the muscarinic receptors found?

A
  • All postganglionic PNS neurons

- Stimulated by SNS at selected sites

41
Q

What cholinergic drugs are there?

A
  • Tubocurarine is a nicotinic receptor antagonist

- Atropine is a muscarinic receptor antagonist

42
Q

What type of receptor are nicotinic receptors?

A

Ionotropic receptors

43
Q

What type of receptors are muscarinic receptors?

A

G protein coupled receptors

44
Q

What type of receptors are adrenergic receptors?

A

G protein coupled receptors

45
Q

Where are a1, a2, B1 and B2 adrenergic receptors found?

A
  • a1 causes smooth muscle contraction
  • a2 presynaptic membrane
  • B1 at the heart
  • B2 causes smooth muscle relaxation
46
Q

List some adrenergic drugs.

A
  • Medetomidine is an a2 antagonist, so decrease noradrenaline release
  • Doxazosin is an a1 antagonist (smooth muscle dilation)
  • Atenolol is a B1 antagonist
  • Salbutamol is a B2 antagonist (relaxes smooth muscle)
47
Q

What is shy-drager syndrome?

A
  • Synucleopathy with parkinsons disease and dementia

- Loss of intermediolateral cell bodies

48
Q

What are the symptoms of shy-drager syndrome?

A
  • Orthostatic hypotension
  • Impotence (sexual dysfunction)
  • Hypohidrosis (sweating)
  • Dry mouth
  • Incontinence
  • Urinary retention
49
Q

What is another name for shy-drager syndrome?

A

Multiple system atrophy

50
Q

What causes primary hypertension?

A

Exaggerated sympathetic nerve activity to blood vessels and renal bed

51
Q

What causes heart failure?

A

Increased sympathetic nerve activity to the renal bed, making the heart unableto pump sufficient blood to meet oxygen demand

52
Q

What is the early sign of parkinsons disease?

A

Autonomic dysfunction - orthostatic hypotension and constipation

53
Q

What is throacolumbar outflow.

A

The preganglionic fibres of the sympathetic system are found in the thoracic (T1-12) and upper lumbar (L1-3) spinal nerves

54
Q

What is craniosacral outflow.

A

The preganglionic fibres of the parasympathetic system are found in cranial nerves and sacral spinal nerves

55
Q

What is the sympathetic trunk?

A
  • A chain of ganglia and connecting fibres lying next to the vertebrae for the entire length of the vertebral column.
  • This arrangement allows dispersion of the sympathetic outflow from a small region of the spinal cord (T1-L3) to peripheral regions via all spinal nerves

LCRS (24 decks)

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