Neuroscience Flashcards by Amanda Tess

Cranial Nerve I

Olfactory
Sensory
Origin: Telecephalon
Nuclei: Anterior olfactory nucleus

Function: Transmits the sense of smell from the nasal cavity.

Located in olfactory foraminifera in the cribriform plate of ethmoid

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Cranial Nerve II

Optic
Sensory
Origin: Diencephalon
Nuclei: Ganglion cells of retina

Function: Transmits visual signals from the retina of the eye to the brain.

Located in the optic canal

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Cranial Nerve III

Oculomotor
Motor
Origin: Anterior aspect of midbrain
Nuclei: Oculomotos nucleus, Edinger-Westphal nucleus

Function: Innervates the elevator palpebrae superiors, superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus and inferior oblique. Also innervates the sphincter papillae

Located in the superior orbital fissure

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Cranial Nerve IV

Trochlear
Motor
Origin: Dorsal aspect of midbrain
Nuclei: Truchlear nucleus

Function: Innervates superior oblique which depresses, rotates laterally and intorts the eyeball

Located in the superior orbital fissure

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Cranial Nerve V

Trigeminal
Both
Origin: Pons
Nuclei: Principal sensory trigeminal nucleus, spinal trigeminal nucleus, mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus, trigeminal motor nucleus

Function: Innervates the muscles of mastication

Located in the superior orbital fissure (V1 -opthalmic); foramen rotunda (V2-maxillary); foramen vale (V3 - mandibular)

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Cranial Nerve VI

Abducens
Motor
Origin: Anterior margin of pons
Nuclei: Abducens nucleus

Function: Innervates Lateral Rectus which abducts the eye

Located in superior orbital fissure

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Cranial Nerve VII

Facial
Both
Origin: Pons cerebellopontine angle
Nuclei: Facial nucleus solitary nucleus, superior salivary nucleus

Function: Provides motor innervation to the muscles of facial expression, posterior belly of the digastric muscle and strapedius muscle.
Receives taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
Provides secretomotor innervation of the salivary glands (excepts parotid) and lacrimal gland

Located in and rungs through the internal acoustic canal to the facial canal and exists at the stylomastoid foramen

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Cranial Nerve VIII

Vestibulocochlear
Sensory
Origin: Cerebellopontine angle
Nuclei: Vestibular nuclei, cochlear nuclei

Function: Senses sound, rotation and gravity.
Carries impulses for equilibrium and hearing

Located in the internal acoustic canal

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Cranial Nerve IX

Glossopharyngeal
Both
Origin: Medulla
Nuclei: Nucleus ambiguus, inferior salivary nucleus, solitary nucleus

Function: Taste from posterior 1/3 of the tongue.
Secretormotor innervation of the parotid gland. Innervation of the stylopharyngeus

Located in the jugular foramen

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Cranial Nerve X

Vagus
Both
Origin: Medulla - posterolateral sulcus
Nuclei: Nucleus ambiguus, Dorsal motor vagal nucleus, solitary nucleus

Function: Branciomotor innervation to most laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles (except stylopharyngeus)
Provides parasympathetic fibres to thoracic and abdominal viscera down to the splenic flexure
Taste from epiglottis
Controls muscles for voice and soft palate
Symptoms of damage: Dysphagia, velopharyngeal insufficiency

Located in jugular foramen

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Cranial Nerve XI

Accessory
Motor
Origin: Cranial and spinal roots
Nuclei: Nucleus ambiguus, spinal accessory nucleus

Function: Controls sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
Symptoms of damage: inability to shrug, weak head movement

Located in jugular foramen

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Cranial Nerve XII

Hypoglossal
Motor
Origin: Medulla
Nuclei: Hypoglossal nucleus

Function: Motor innervation to the muscles of the tongue (except palatoglossus)
Important for swallowing and speech articular

Located in the hypoglossal canal

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Cranial nerve best associated with temporal hemanopia

Optic

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Cranial nerve best associated with failure of downward gaze during adduction

Trochlear

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Cranial nerve best associated with the eye deviation towards the nose

Abducens

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Cranial nerve best associated with paralysis of the eyelid

Oculomotor

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Cranial nerve best associated with loss of taste from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue

Glossopharyngeal

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Cranial nerve best associated with a positive Weber’s test

Vestibulocochlear

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Cranial nerve best associated with deviation of the uvula when the patient says “Aaah”

Vagus

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Cranial nerve innervating almost all muscles of the tongue

Hypoglossal

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Cranial nerve innervating mylohyoid (muscle running from the mandible to the hyoid bone forming the floor of the oral cavity of the mouth)

Trigeminal

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Cranial nerve innervating the Lateral Rectus

Abducens

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Cranial nerve innervating the Platysma (A broad sheet of muscle fibres extending from the clavicle bone to the angle of the jaw)

Facial

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Cranial nerve innervating the elevator palpebrae superioris

Oculomotor

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Cranial nerve innervating the retinal ganglion layer

Optic

Cranial nerve innervating the gingivae

Trigeminal

Cranial nerve innervating the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

Facial

Cranial nerve innervating the pharynx

Vagus

Alien Hand Syndrome Also known as Dr Strangelove Syndrome or anarchic hand

Person's hand takes on a mind of its own People are generally aware that they own the limb, but don't have control over what it does Associated with lesions in the corpus callous, frontal lobe, occipital and parietal lobes - particularly infarctions Also cortiobasal degeneration To determine the difference between cause: frontal lobe - instinctive attraction . parietal and occiptal - instinctive avoidance

Neuroacanthocytosis

A group of genetically diverse conditions complicated by movement disorders, neurological problems and speculated (misshapen) red blood cells. Symptoms incude: - involuntary or slow movements - posture and skeletal related abnormalities - weakness - cognitive impairment - psychiatric symptoms Hereditary, but extremely rare

Kuf's Disease

One of the many lysosomal storage diseases A Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (NCL) NCLs as a group occur in 2-4/100,000 births and Kuf's accounts for 1.3-10% of NCLs Type A: Seizures, uncontrollable myoclonic jerks, dementia, ataxia, tremors, tics, and dysarthria Type B: As Type A except no dementia or dysarthria

Argyll Robertson Pupil

Neurosyphilis

Corticobasal degerneration

Alien Hand

Vitamin B12 deficiency

Subacute combined cord degeneration Ataxia

Frontal lobe dementia

Fasculation

This condition came to the attention of the public in the film 'Lorenzo's Oil', Clinically it is associated with the accumulation of very long chain fatty acids in the tissues including the brain. The child-hood and adult onset forms are both sex-linked occurring only in males

Adrenoleucodystrophy

The diagnosis depends on showing diminished arysulphate A activity in WBCs, serum and urine, and demonstration of excessive sulphated in the urine

Metachromatic leucodystrophy

Associated with evidence of malabsorption or anaemia. Definitive diagnosis depends on the demonstration of periodic-acid=Schiff (PAS) positive material in macrophages which can almost always be revealed by duodenal biopsy

Whipple's disease

Associated with neurodegeneration and the accumulation of iron in the brain. 50% of cases begin before the age of 10, but the condition can appear as late as 64 yoa. There is sometimes an early change of personality with depression and outbursts of aggression. Intellectual deterioration then gradually develops along with motor manifestations often progressing to mutism

Hallervorden-Spatz Syndrome

The cause of dementia which is best associated with Parkinsonism

Lewy Body Dementia

The cause of dementia which is best associated with primitive reflexes

Frontotemporal dementia

The cause of demential best associated with Myoclonus

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

The cause of dementia which is best associated with Choreoathetoid movements

Huntington's disease

Genetics regarding Down Syndrome

Trisomy 21

Inheritance of San Filippo Syndrome

Autosomal recessive

Inheritance of Tuberose Sclerosis

Autosomal dominant

Inheritance of Phenylketonuria

Autosomal recessive

The hypothalamus and hormonal regulation | Corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH)

A hypothalamic hormone that is stimulatory

The hypothalamus and hormonal regulation | Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Not a hypothalamic hormone

The hypothalamus and hormonal regulation | Dopamine

A hypothalamic hormone that is inhibitory

``` The hypothalamus and hormonal regulation Arginine vasopressin (AVP) ```

A hypothalamic hormone that is stimulatory

The hypothalamus and hormonal regulation Lutenizing hormone releasing hormone/Gonadotropin releasing hormone (LNRH/GnRH)

A hypothalamic hormone that is stimulatory

The hypothalamus and hormonal regulation Somatostatin/Growth Hormone Inhibiting hormone

A hypothalamic hormone that is inhibitory

The site of oxidative phosphorylation

Electron Transport Chain in mitochondria

The site of protein biosynthesis

Ribosome - Nissl body

The site of glycosylation and phosphorylation, and the biosynthesis of proteoglycans and carbohydrates

Golgi apparatus

Contains non-metabolizable remnants of lysosomal digestion

Lipofuscin granule

The cranial Fossae Foramen Magmum

Posterior cranial fossa

The cranial Fossae Internal Acoustic Meatus

Posterior cranial fossa

The cranial Fossae Foramen Spinosum

Middle cranial fossa

The cranial Fossae Ethmoid Bone

Anterior cranial fossa

The cranial Fossae Foramen Ovale

Middle cranial fossa

Site of transcription of mRNA by RNA pol I

Nucleosus

The hypothalamus and hormonal regulation | Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH)

A hypothalamic hormone that is stimulatory

Anterior fossa

``` Groove for superior sagittal sinus Grooves for anterior meningeal vessel Foramen caecum Crista galli Slit and groove for nasociliary nerve Anterior ethamoidal foramen Orives for olfactory nerves Posterior ethmoidal foramen Ethmoidal spine Orbital plate of frontal bone ```

Middle Fossa

``` Olfactory crosses Optic foramen Chiasmatic groove Tuberculum sell Anterior clinoid process Posterior crinoid process Foramen ovale Superior orbital fissure Sphenoid bone Temporal bone ```

Posterior Fossa

``` Internal acoustic meatus Slit for dura mater Grove for superior petrosal sinus Jugular foramen Hypoglossal canal Acueductos vestibuli Condyloid foramen Mastoid foramen Foramen magmum Posterior meningeal grooves Occipital bone ```