History of Psychiatry Flashcards
Alois Alzheimer
German psychiatrist
Neuropathologist
Colleague of Emil Kraepelin
Published the first case of “presenile dementia” which Kraepelin would later identify as Alzheimer’s disease
Who identified Alzheimer’s disease
Emil Kraepelin.
Alzheimer identified the first published case of “presenile dementia”
David Durkheim
French sociologist
Principal architect of modern social science with Karl Marx and Max Webber
His work was concerned with how societies could maintain their integrity and coherence in modernity (an era in which traditional social and religious ties are no longer assumed, and in which new social institutions have come into being).
1st major sociological work was The Division of Labour in Society (1893)
Published Rules of the Sociological Method and set up the first European department of sociology (1895); becoming France’ first profession of sociology
He established journal L’Annee Sociologique (1898)
First seminal monograph - Suicide, a study of suicidal rates amongst Catholic and Protestant populations (1897) pioneered modern social research which served to distinguish social science from psychology and political philosophy
The Elementary Forms of Religious Life (1912) presented a theory of religion, comparing the social and cultural lives of aboriginal and modern societies
He was a major proponent of structural functionalism, a foundational perspective in both sociology and anthropology
In his view social science should be purely holistic (aka sociology should study phenomena attributed to society at large rather than limited to actions of individuals)
Dominant force in French intellectual life
Died in 1917
Published on sociology of knowledge, morality, social stratification, religion, law, education and deviance
Who came up with the theory of positivism
David Durkheim
He refined positivism (originally set forth by Auguste Comte), promoting what could be considered as a form of epistemological realism, as well as the use of hypothetic-deductive model in social science
Collective consciousness
Durkheimian term
A fundamental sociological concept that refers to the set of shared beliefs, ideas, attitudes, and knowledge that are common to a social group or society
Wilhelm Griesinger
1859 - Head of institution for mentally handicapped children in Mariaberg
From 1860 participated in the planning of the Burgholzli Mental Hospital in Zurich
1865 moved to Berlin and succeeded Moritz Heinrich Romberg as director at the university polyclinic. Also established 2 journals: Medicinisch-psychologische Gesellschaft and Archiv fur Psychiatrie und Nerwenkrankheiten
Wilhelm Griesinger Hospital in Berlin is named in his honour.
Valuable insights in psychopathic behaviour
Reforms concerning the mentally ill and the asylum system.
Who integrated the mentally ill into society
Wilhelm Griesinger
Integration of the mentally ill into society and proposed the short term hospitalisation be combined with close cooperation of natural support system
Karl Jaspers
German Psychiatrist and Philosopher
Strong influence on modern theology, psychiatry and philosophy
After training and practicing psychiatry he turned to philosophical inquiry and attempted to discover an innovative philosophical system
He was viewed as a major exponent of existentialism in Germany (he did not accept this label)
His dissatisfaction with the popular understanding of mental illness led him to question both the diagnostic criteria and the methods of clinical psychiatry
Published a revolutionary paper in 1910 in which he addressed the problem of whether paranoia was an aspect of personality or the result of biological changes. He studied several patients in detail, giving biographical information on the people concerned as well as providing notes on how the patients themselves felt about their symptoms = biographical model
The biographical model
Karl Jaspers
Published a revolutionary paper in 1910 in which he addressed the problem of whether paranoia was an aspect of personality or the result of biological changes. He studied several patients in detail, giving biographical information on the people concerned as well as providing notes on how the patients themselves felt about their symptoms = biographical model
Published General Psychopathology in 1913
Who wrote General Psychopathology
Karl Jaspers
1913
Many modern diagnostic criteria stem from his ideas in this book.
In particular Jaspers believed that psychiatrist should diagnose symptoms (particularly in psychosis) based on their form rather than content. E.g. in diagnosing a hallucination, the fact that a person experiences visual phenomena when no sensory stimuli account for it (form), assumes more importance than what the patient sees (content).
He also felt psychiatrist could diagnose delusions in the same way. E.g. clinicians should not consider a belief delusional based on the content or the belief, but only based on the way in which a patient holds such a belief.
Distinguished between primary and secondary delusions. PRIMARY are autochthonous (arising without apparent cause, appearing incomprehensible in the terms of normal mental processes)- Un-understandable. SECONDARY are influenced by the person’s background, current situation or mental state
Who argued with Jaspers thinkings that primary delusions are un-understandable
R. D. Laing and Richard Bentall
They stress that taking this stance can lead therapists into the complacency of assuming that because they do not understand a patient, the patient is deluded
Theodor Meynert
German-Austrian neuropathologist and anatomist burn in Dresden
Believed that disturbances in brain development could be a predisposition for psychiatric illness and that certain psychoses are reversible
His worked focused on brain anatomy, pathology and histology including mapping of intricate pathways and topography
Developed theories in regards to correlations between neuroanatomical and mental processes. He conceptualised that a coupling between on mental association and its temporal successor as a literal contact between cortical nerve cells linked by nerve fibres (and a series of cortical associations could therefore be constructed and being a “train of thought”
He theorised that ideas and memories are to be envisioned as being attached to specific cortical cells
He conceptualised that a conflict existed between the cerebral cortex and the sub-cortical regions as the primary cause for abnormal function of cerebral components
He formulated that a casual connection existed between cerebral pathologies and psychoses due to a lack of “cerebral nutrition” related to vasomotor functionality
His aim was to establish psychiatry as an exact science based on anatomy
Founder of cerebral cortex architectonics
Theodore Meynert
Who wrote the textbook Psychiatry. Klinik der Erkrankungen des Vorderhirns
Theodor Meiner
1884
His forewords were: The reader will find no other definition of psychiatry in this book, but the one given on the title page: Clinical Treatise on Disease of the Forebrain. The historical term for psychiatry (treatment of the soul), implies more than we can accomplish, and transcends the sounds of accurate scientific investigation
Franz Nissl
Possibly the greatest neuropathologist of his day
Popularised the use of spinal puncture
Examined neural connections between the human cortex and thalamic nuclei
Research philosophy “As soon as we agree to see in all mental derangements the clinical expression of definite disease processes in the cortex, we remove the obstacles that make impossible agreement among alienists”
Who popularised spinal puncture
Franz Nisse popularised it. It was introduced by Heinrich Quincke
Carl Wernicke
German physician, anatomist, psychiatrist and neuropathologist
Began work after paul Broca published his findings on language deficits (Expressive Aphasia)
Noticed that not all language deficits were the result of damage to Broca’s areas. Rather, found that damage to the left posterior, superior temporal gyrus resulted in deficits in language comprehension = Receptive aphasia
Wernicke’s areas
The left posterior, superior temporal gyrus
Wilhelm Windelband
German philosopher
Introduced the terms nomothetic and idiographic
He argued that philosophy should engage in humanistic dialogue with the natural sciences rather than uncritically appropriating its methodologies
His interests in psychology and cultural sciences represented an opposition to psychologism and historicism schools by a critical philosophic system
Nomothetic
Wilhelm Windelband
Studies on large populations
Idiographic
Wilhelm Windelband
Single case studies
Who showed that neurological changes in general paralysis were different to those in dementia
Franz Nissl
Who described a phenomenological approach to psychopathology
Karl Jaspers
Who claimed “mental illnesses are brain illnesses”
Wilhelm Griesinger
Who argued that philosophy should engage in humanistic dialogue with the natural sciences rather than uncritically appropriating its methodologies
Wilhelm Windelband
Who examined the neural connections between the human cortex and thalamic nuclei
Franz Nissl
Who described the classic symptoms of schizophrenia to include delusional perception and thought echo
Kurt Schneider
In order to differentiate schizophrenia from other psychotic illnesses, he listed the first-rank symptoms as being central features of schizophrenia (but not necessary for its diagnosis). There are 11 SFRS
- Delusional perception
- Thought insertion, thought withdrawal, thought broadcast
- Third person auditory hallucinations, hallucinations in the form of running commentary, thought echo
- Somatic passivity, and passivity of affect, impulse and volition
Who identified ‘early maternal loss’ and ‘lack of confiding relationship’ as vulnerability factors for the development of depression
Brown and Harris’s study in Camberwell, London (1978) showed that the following factors increased the vulnerability to depression in women
- Lack of a confiding relationship
- Unemployment
- Three of more children under the age of 14 years
- Loss of mother before the age of 11
Who described the classic symptoms of schizophrenia to include loosening of association and ambivalence
Eugene Bleuler Listed the 4 As - Ambivalence - Affective abnormalities - Loosening of Association - Autism
Who explained that the underlying dysfunctional beliefs of depression include negative views of the self, the world, and the future
Aaron Beck
Cognitive triad of depression
Who described schizophrenia as being type 1 (acute) and type 2 (chronic)
TJ Crow
- Type 1 schizophrenia has an acute onset, comprises of positive symptoms, and responds well to antipsychotics with a good prognosis. He made the assumption that the brain was structurally normal
- Type 2 schizophrenia as a chronic onset, comprises of negative symptoms, and responds poorly to antipsychotics with a poor prognosis. There is an abnormal brain structure (cortical atrophy and ventricular dilatation)
Through animal experiments, who found that love and comfort is necessary for attachment
Harry Harlow
Conducted experiments on monkeys and found that baby monkeys formed attachment to comfortable, but milkless dolls that offered comfort and security rather than metallic dolls that provided milk
Who identified that high expressed emotions play a role in the aetiology of schizophrenia
George Brown
William Cullen
Scottish proponent of moral treatment
1710-1790
