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Psychology - Exam 1 > Neuroscience > Flashcards

Neuroscience Flashcards

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1
Q

the biology of mind

A

neuroscience

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2
Q

belief feeling bumps on someone’s head to tell personalities, skull forms around the brain ~ the areas with the biggest bumps tell something about you

A

phrenology

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3
Q

who created the idea of phrenology

A

Franz Gall

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4
Q

what was the importance of phrenology?

A

introduced us to brain localization

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5
Q

different areas of the brain do different things

A

brain localization

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6
Q

which two things disconnected in the case of phineas gage?

A

frontal lobes and amygdala

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7
Q

how was phineas gage psychologically?

A

all over the place, emotions were everywhere

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8
Q

what happened between phineas gage’s frontal lobes and amygdala?

A

they were severed and couldn’t control eachother

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9
Q

the case of phineas gage tells us more about _____ _____?

A

brain localization

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10
Q

when was the case of phineas gage?

A

1848

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11
Q

staining cells to look at characteristics?

A

cajal

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12
Q

when was cajal used?

A

1887

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13
Q

neurons are individual units that “talk to” eachother

A

neurone doctrine

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14
Q

how many billion neurons and glial cells?

A

each 80-100 billion

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15
Q

what are the two components of a neuron?

A
  1. cell body

2. fibers

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16
Q

where all basic functions within a cell occur

A

cell body

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17
Q

(fibers)- receives signals from memories?

A

dendrites

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18
Q

(fibers)- transmits out signals?

A

axon; myelin sheath

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19
Q

disease where the myelin sheath erodes

A

MS; multiple sclerosis

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20
Q

information travels through an impulse that travels down an axon

A

neuron transmission

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21
Q

neurons communicate over a gap called…

A

a synapse

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22
Q

four steps of a neural connection

A
  1. action potential (AP) travels down the axon
  2. the AP causes a neurotransmitter to be released
  3. neurotransmitter crosses the synapse and binds to the receptor site on a receiving neuron
  4. causes the AP to be generated in the receiving neuron
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23
Q

the sending of neurons absorbs any excess neurotransmitters

A

reuptake

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24
Q

how many neurotransmitters; how many major

A

over 100; 21 major

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25
Q

large molecule neurotransmitters

A

neuropeptides

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26
Q

small molecule neurotransmitters

A

individual amino acids

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27
Q

mimics neurotransmitters, sometimes the brain is fooled

A

agonist

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28
Q

substance can block neurotransmitters

A

antagonist

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29
Q

type of neurotransmitters (1/7)- controls muscular movement; ex: venom

A

ACh (acetylcholine)

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30
Q

type of neurotransmitters (2/7)-controls movement, regulation of emotion; ex: Parkinson’s

A

dopamine

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31
Q

type of neurotransmitters (3/7)- related to mood, stronger than dopamine; ex: depression, skits

A

serotonin

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32
Q

type of neurotransmitters (4/7)- how alert you feel; ADHD, drowsy

A

norepinephrine

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33
Q

type of neurotransmitters (5/7)- regulates the levels of all the others, proper balance, regulator

A

GABA

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34
Q

type of neurotransmitters (6//7)- related to memory, essential for memory

A

glutamate

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35
Q

type of neurotransmitters (7//7)- to fight off painful sensations, related to mood a ~little~ bit; ex: heroin

A

endorphins

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36
Q

two components of the nervous system-

A
  1. central (CNS)

2. peripheral (PNS)

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37
Q

subcomponents of the CNS-

A
  1. brain

2. spinal cord

38
Q

subcomponents of the PNS-

A
  1. somatic (conscious)

2. automatic (unconscious)

39
Q

(ANS)- charges up your body, adrenaline

A

sympathetic

40
Q

(ANS)- calms down your body

A

parasympathetic

41
Q

three types of neurons-

A
  1. sensory neurons
  2. motor neurons
  3. interneurones
42
Q

(neurons)- nerve cells within the nervous system responsible for converting external stimuli from the organism’s environment into internal electrical impulses

A

sensory neurons

43
Q

(neurons)- sends messages to muscles, voluntarily

A

motor neurons

44
Q

(neurons)- processing; thought, perception

A

interneurons

45
Q

what are the six glands of the endocrine system?

A
  1. thyroid
  2. parathyroid
  3. adrenal
  4. pancreas
  5. every/testis
  6. pituitary gland
46
Q

(endocrine system)- regulates the body’s metabolism

A

thyroid

47
Q

(endocrine system)- regulates the calcium and potassium levels

A

parathyroid

48
Q

(endocrine system)- regulates the ~adre~niline gland

A

adrenal

49
Q

(endocrine system)- secrete insulin, regulates blood sugar level

A

pancrease

50
Q

(endocrine system)- sexual reproduction

A

ovary/testis

51
Q

(endocrine system)- mastery gland, sends messages trying to regulate other glands

A

pituitary gland

52
Q

explain how the pituitary gland relates to growth hormones

A

growth hormones only happen at night, which is why doctors are worried about kids who are sleep deprived

53
Q

what controls the pituitary gland?

A

hypothalamus

54
Q

(true or false)- we only use 10% of our brain

A

false

55
Q

how much of our brain do we use? __-__%

A

90-98%

56
Q

three ways to look at the brain

A
  1. clinical observation
  2. EEG
  3. brain imaging techniques
57
Q

(brain imaging)- tells us about structure and what they are doing

A

fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)

58
Q

(brain imaging)- trace brain wiring

A

diffusion spectrum imaging

59
Q

two components of the brain structure-

A
  1. lower brain

2. higher brain

60
Q

lower brain are found in _____; higher brain found in _____

A

other species; certain species

61
Q

four components of the lower brain

A
  1. brainstem
  2. thalamus
  3. cerebellum
  4. limbic system
62
Q

three components of the brain stem

A
  1. medulla
  2. pons
  3. reticular formation
63
Q

(brainstem)- take care of the heart beat and respiration

A

medulla

64
Q

(brainstem)- help coordinate movement, regulate sleep

A

pons

65
Q

(brainstem)- regulate physiological arousal

A

reticular formation

66
Q

(brain structure)- takes signals from all 5 senses from neurons, receives signals and lays them out to higher levels with work on

A

sensory switchboard of the brain

67
Q

(brain structure)-

  1. coordinates movement
  2. controls balance
  3. primitive memory system, basic skills are stored here
A

cerebellum

68
Q

three components of the limbic system-

A
  1. hippocampus
  2. amygdala
  3. hypothalamus
69
Q

(limbic system)- transfers information from your short term memory to your long term memory

A

hippocampus

70
Q

(limbic system)- emotional center of the brain, regulating emotions

A

amygdala

71
Q

(limbic system)- involved in bodily maintenance

ex. hunger and thirst, body temperature, regulate sexual behavior

A

hypothalamus

72
Q

the higher brain is the _____

A

cortex

73
Q

the four regions of the higher brain

A
  1. frontal
  2. parietal
  3. temporal
  4. occipital
74
Q

grey matter are the _____

A

cell bodies

75
Q

white matter are the _____

A

axons

76
Q

the four functions of the cortex

A
  1. motor functions
  2. sensory functions
  3. association functions
  4. language
77
Q

(functions of the cortex)- motor neurons in the cortex that send messages down to the body; such as muscles

A

motor functions

78
Q

(functions of the cortex)- thalamus with route to visual cortex; such as the auditory cortex

A

sensory functions

79
Q

(functions of the cortex)- regulates emotions; such as memory, problem solving

A

associated functions

80
Q

(functions of the cortex)- sets us apart from other species, has three functions

A

language

81
Q

three components of language-

A
  1. Broca’s area
  2. Wernickle’s area
  3. angular gyrus
82
Q

(language)- gives us the ability to speak

A

Broca’s area

83
Q

language)- gives us the idea to understand speech

A

Wernickle’s area

84
Q

language)- gives us the ability to read and understand letters

A

angular gyrus

85
Q

the ability for the brain to repair itself after damage

A

brain plasticity

86
Q

at what age would brain plasticity be easier?

A

at a younger age

87
Q

production of new neurons, seen mostly in the hippocampus

A

neurogenesis

88
Q

the brain is divided into two hemispheres and are connect by the corps callosum

A

brain lateralization

89
Q

(brain lateralization)- side that deals with language, analytic reading, word processing

A

left hemisphere

90
Q

(brain lateralization)- side that deals with music, facial recognization, expressions of emotion, picture processing, subtle interfacing in language, self-awareness

A

right hemisphere

Psychology - Exam 1 (2 decks)

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